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Welcome. The website you are requesting is currently offline, suspended or unresponsive to your access request. The possible causes include the resource remaining unconfigured and/or your address range being banned due to WAF and CDN settings. For security reasons, we cannot provide further server system status data in this document. This default system page is, however, capable of providing various client-side diagnostic information regarding ip address, device fingerprint, document keyword and whois data utilized in this session to ease debug operations and error reporting.
If you are an authorized user of the resource, please contact us quoting your VPN or Kerberos credentials to verify whether your account has been suspended and why (eg, overdue payment, reported abuse). In general, in order to report issues or ask questions, please send your mails to the user 'HELLO' of the base domain of this website. For example if the current page is 'www.subdomain.website.tld/somepage.html', you will send your question to HELLO [*] WEBSITE . TLD . Kindly remind that the correct address will not be explicitly written as countermeasure against mail harversting spambots.
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KEYWORD
The current keywords are:
__________________
Water —n. 1 colourless transparent liquid compound of oxygen and hydrogen. 2 liquid consisting chiefly of this and found in seas and rivers, in rain, and in secretions of organisms. 3 expanse of water; a sea, lake, river, etc. 4 (in pl.) Part of a sea or river. 5 (often as the waters) mineral water at a spa etc. 6 state of a tide. 7 solution of a specified substance in water (lavender-water). 8 transparency and brilliance of a gem. 9 (attrib.) A found in or near water. B of, for, or worked by water. C involving, using, or yielding water. 10 (usu. In pl.) Amniotic fluid, released during labour. —v. 1 sprinkle or soak with water. 2 supply (a plant) with water. 3 give water to (an animal). 4 secrete water. 5 (as watered adj.) (of silk etc.) Having irregular wavy glossy markings. 6 take in a supply of water. by water using a ship etc. For transport. Like water in great quantity, profusely. Make one-s mouth water cause one-s saliva to flow, stimulate one-s appetite or anticipation. Of the first water of the finest quality or extreme degree. Water down 1 dilute. 2 make less forceful or horrifying. Water under the bridge past events accepted as irrevocable. [old english]
Water bus n. Boat carrying passengers on a regular run on a river, lake, etc.
Water chestnut n. Corm from a sedge, used in chinese cookery.
Water jump n. Jump over water in a steeplechase etc.
Water lily n. Aquatic plant with floating leaves and flowers.
Water main n. Main pipe in a water-supply system.
Water melon n. Large dark-green melon with red pulp and watery juice.
Water polo n. Game played by swimmers, with a ball like a football.
Watershed n. 1 line of separation between waters flowing to different rivers, basins, etc. 2 turning-point in affairs. [from shed ridge]
Waterside n. Edge of a sea, lake, or river.
Waterspout n. Gyrating column of water and spray between sea and cloud.
Water table n. = -water-level 2.
2058897 Waterloo Corner Waterloo Corner Waterloo Corner -34.71667 138.58333 P PPLX AU 05 45680 1202 14 Australia/Adelaide 2019-07-18
2075806 bridgewater Bridgewater bridgewater -35.01397 138.76648 P PPL AU 05 40120 3719 412 Australia/Adelaide 2024-08-27
2166083 Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater -16.88333 145.71667 P PPLX AU 04 32080 2020 27 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
2173951 Broadwater Broadwater Broadvoter,Broadwater,Броадвотер -29.01108 153.43562 P PPL AU 02 16610 625 4 Australia/Sydney 2019-07-18
2174079 bridgewater Bridgewater Bridge Water Junction,Bridgewater,North bridgewater -42.73719 147.22784 P PPLX AU 06 60410 4065 16 Australia/Hobart 2019-07-18
2175403 Blackwater Blackwater BLT,Blackwater -23.58351 148.87912 P PPL AU 04 32270 6089 184 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
2176566 Bayswater Bayswater Bayswater -37.85 145.26667 P PPLX AU 07 23670 11599 108 Australia/Melbourne 2019-07-18
2205985 Sylvania Waters Sylvania Waters Sylvania Waters -34.01868 151.1086 P PPLX AU 02 17150 3127 6 Australia/Sydney 2020-10-23
6621334 Biggera Waters Biggera Waters -27.93239 153.40021 P PPLX AU 04 33430 8887 3 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
6621373 Agnes Water Agnes Water Agnes Voter,Агнес Вотер -24.2119 151.9035 P PPL AU 04 33360 2521 16 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
6930431 Freshwater Freshwater -33.77867 151.28569 P PPLX AU 02 15990 8584 10 18 Australia/Sydney 2019-07-18
7932538 Shoalwater Shoalwater -32.29088 115.71101 P PPLX AU 08 57490 3928 5 Australia/Perth 2019-07-18
8219737 brightwaters Brightwaters brightwaters -33.11357 151.54472 P PPLX AU 02 14650 858 23 Australia/Sydney 2019-07-18
8219843 Waterview Heights Waterview Heights Waterview Heights -29.69775 152.83922 P PPL AU 02 11730 1327 50 Australia/Sydney 2019-07-18
8348070 Waterways Waterways -38.01478 145.1305 P PPLX AU 07 23430 2422 5 Australia/Melbourne 2022-08-23
8348093 Piara Waters Piara Waters -32.13344 115.91634 P PPLX AU 08 50210 8892 30 Australia/Perth 2019-07-18
8348150 silverwater Silverwater -33.83343 151.04731 P PPLX AU 02 16260 4133 10 Australia/Sydney 2019-07-18
8348689 Eli Waters Eli Waters -25.27922 152.8091 P PPLX AU 04 33220 3289 4 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
8348820 Broadwater Broadwater -33.66304 115.2842 P PPLX AU 08 51260 4418 8 Australia/Perth 2019-07-18
8348854 Brookwater Brookwater -27.66128 152.89669 P PPLX AU 04 33960 2119 81 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
8348881 Lockyer Waters Lockyer Waters -27.45389 152.40577 P PPLX AU 04 34580 548 79 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
8348921 Rosewater Rosewater -34.852 138.52158 P PPLX AU 05 45890 3234 10 Australia/Adelaide 2019-07-18
8348925 Pelican Waters Pelican Waters -26.83354 153.10013 P PPLX AU 04 36720 6213 2 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
8349021 Bluewater Park Bluewater Park -19.20504 146.51338 P PPLX AU 04 37010 965 34 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
8349054 Edgewater Edgewater -31.76547 115.78223 P PPLX AU 08 54170 4371 60 Australia/Perth 2019-07-18
8349144 Shearwater Shearwater -41.15673 146.53178 P PPLX AU 06 63810 1718 23 Australia/Hobart 2019-07-18
8349270 Bayswater Bayswater -31.91686 115.91776 P PPLX AU 08 50420 14236 13 Australia/Perth 2019-07-18
8349280 Waterford Waterford -32.01574 115.88662 P PPLX AU 08 57840 2263 7 Australia/Perth 2019-07-18
8600527 Bluewater Bluewater Bluewater -19.18157 146.5582 P PPL AU 04 37010 1119 16 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
9958129 Waterford West Waterford West -27.69056 153.13319 P PPLX AU 04 34590 6341 18 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
9972470 Bayswater North Bayswater North -37.82558 145.28219 P PPLX AU 07 24410 8654 158 Australia/Melbourne 2023-04-20
10057016 Watermans Bay Watermans Bay -31.84915 115.7559 P PPLX AU 08 57910 1230 21 Australia/Perth 2019-07-18
10063038 Broadbeach Waters Broadbeach Waters -28.03498 153.42502 P PPLX AU 04 33430 7833 4 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
10063050 Burleigh Waters Burleigh Waters -28.09975 153.42463 P PPLX AU 04 33430 14117 6 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
10063059 Clear Island Waters Clear Island Waters -28.05308 153.39815 P PPLX AU 04 33430 4085 3 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
10063132 Currumbin Waters Currumbin Waters -28.15442 153.47282 P PPLX AU 04 33430 9023 4 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
10063458 Mermaid Waters Mermaid Waters -28.04912 153.43081 P PPLX AU 04 33430 11998 4 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
10110913 Breakwater Breakwater -38.17987 144.36765 P PPLX AU 07 22750 980 18 Australia/Melbourne 2019-07-18
11704305 Twin Waters Twin Waters -26.63422 153.08114 P PPL AU 04 36720 2848 9 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
2783966 Watervliet Watervliet Watervliet 51.27494 3.62598 P PPL BE VLG VOV 43 43014 1710 2 Europe/Brussels 2020-05-25
2783979 watermael-boitsfort Watermael-Boitsfort Brussel (watermaal-bosvoorde), Bruxelles (watermael-boitsfort), Vatermal - Bosvorde,Vatermal -Buafor,Watermaal-Boschvoorde,Watermaal-Bosvoorde,Watermael-Boitsfort,Watermael-Boitsfort - watermaal-bosvoorde, Watermael-Boitsfort/Watermaal-Bosvoorde,awytrmyl-bwatsfwr,wa te er ma er-bu wa fu er,wateleumalbuapoleu,waterumaru=bowaforu,Ватермал - Босворде,Ватермаль-Буафор,اوئترمئل-بوآتسفور,ワーテルマール＝ボワフォール,瓦特尔马尔-布瓦福尔,와테르말부아포르 50.80154 4.41436 P PPL BE BRU BRU 21 21017 25157 96 Europe/Brussels 2023-03-09
2783985 Waterloo Waterloo Vaterlo,Vaterloo,Vatʻerloo,Waterlo,Waterloo,Waterloum,Waterlô,hua tie lu,oyataralu,wateruro,watrlw,wo da lao,woteollu,wwtrlw,Βατερλώ,Ватерло,Ватерлоо,Վաթեռլոո,ווטרלו,واترلو,واٹرلو، بیلجئیم,ওয়াটারলু,ワーテルロー,滑鐵盧,窩打老,워털루 50.71469 4.3991 P PPL BE WAL WBR 25 25110 29778 119 Europe/Brussels 2013-11-23
5904501 Bluewater Bluewater 43.46679 -81.59977 P PPL CA 08 3540 7044 249 America/Toronto 2024-02-27
5908723 bridgewater Bridgewater bryj watr,بریج واتر 44.37856 -64.51882 P PPL CA 07 1206 8532 6 America/Halifax 2024-02-28
6176751 Waterford Waterford 42.9334 -80.28296 P PPL CA 08 3528 3132 240 America/Toronto 2024-02-27
6176821 Waterloo Waterloo Vaterloo,Ватерлоо 45.35008 -72.51582 P PPL CA 10 05 47025 4410 210 America/Toronto 2024-06-15
6176823 Waterloo Waterloo Uoterlu,Vaterloo,Voterlu,hua tie lu,uotaru,watrlw,watrlw antaryw,woteollu,Ватерлоо,Вотерлу,Уотерлу,واترلو,واترلو، انتاریو,واٹرلو، انٹاریو,ウォータールー,滑鐵盧,워털루 43.4668 -80.51639 P PPL CA 08 3530 104986 325 America/Toronto 2024-02-27
12156822 Waterfront communities-the Island Waterfront communities-the Island 43.63388 -79.3772 P PPLX CA 08 3520 12719290 65913 73 America/Toronto 2024-06-15
354699 Kafr al Baţţīkh Kafr al Battikh Kafr al Battikh,Kafr al Baţţīkh,Kafr el-Battikh,Kafr el-baṭṭîkh, Watermelon Village,kfr albtykh,كفر البطيخ 31.40398 31.73778 P PPL EG 20 47198 5 Africa/Cairo 2023-11-29
2634682 Water Orton Water Orton 52.51575 -1.74005 P PPL GB ENG P3 44UB 44UB032 3444 86 Europe/London 2018-07-03
2634686 waterlooville Waterlooville Uoterluvil,Voterluvil,Waterloo,Waterlooville,watrlwwyl,Вотерлувил,Уотерлувиль,واترلوویل 50.88067 -1.0304 P PPL GB ENG F2 24UH 64350 54 Europe/London 2010-08-03
2634690 wateringbury Wateringbury 51.25543 0.42317 P PPL GB ENG G5 29UP 29UP022 2396 41 Europe/London 2018-07-03
2634701 Waterbeach Waterbeach 52.26553 0.19123 P PPL GB ENG C3 12UG 12UG093 5795 10 Europe/London 2018-07-03
2637298 Southwater Southwater Southwater 51.02369 -0.35173 P PPL GB ENG P6 45UF 45UF022 8692 44 Europe/London 2018-07-03
2643570 Loudwater Loudwater Loudwater 51.61073 -0.70153 P PPL GB ENG B9 11UF 11UF003 4170 78 Europe/London 2024-03-29
2648538 Glenariff Glenariff Glenariff,Glenariffe,Warren,Waterfoot 55.05 -6.06667 P PPL GB NIR N09000004 1286 4 Europe/London 2016-12-04
2649069 Freshwater Freshwater 50.68365 -1.52616 P PPLA3 GB ENG G2 00MW008 7829 12 Europe/London 2017-06-12
2653417 Chacewater Chacewater Chacewater 50.25675 -5.15757 P PPLA3 GB ENG C6 00HE021 1226 61 Europe/London 2017-06-12
2654630 Broadwater Broadwater 50.82887 -0.37594 P PPLX GB ENG P6 45UH 8442 11 Europe/London 2020-10-05
2654730 Bridgwater Bridgwater bridgewater, Bridgwater,Bridzhuoter,Bridzhuotur,Bruga Walteri,UBW,beulijiwoteo,Бриджуотер,Бриджуотър,برج واٹر، سومرسیٹ,بریجواتر,ბრიჯუოტერი,브리지워터 51.12837 -3.00356 P PPL GB ENG M3 40UC 40UC054 41276 15 Europe/London 2018-07-03
2655087 Bourton on the Water Bourton on the Water Bourton on the Water 51.88584 -1.75492 P PPL GB ENG E6 23UC 23UC020 3296 135 Europe/London 2018-07-03
6545243 Bayswater Bayswater beizuuota,bezavotara,byyzwwtr,בייזווטר,بیزواٹر,बेज़वॉटर,ベイズウォーター 51.51116 -0.18426 P PPLX GB ENG GLA P5 17500 35 Europe/London 2011-03-03
6545250 Lambeth Lambeth Lambet,Lambeth,Lambethum,Lampeth,Waterloo,laembeoseu,lambet,lambeti,lambth,lambyth,lampet,lan bei si,lemabetha,lin bao,lmbt,lmbt,lyamabetha,lyambet,ranbesu,Λάμπεθ,Ламбет,Լամբեթ,למבת,لامبث,لامبيث,لمبت,لیمبیتھ,ল্যামবেথ,લેમબેથ,லாம்பெத்,లాంబెత్,ಲ್ಯಾಂಬೆತ್,ლამბეთი,ランベス,兰贝斯,琳寶,蘭貝斯,램버스 51.49635 -0.11152 P PPLX GB ENG GLA H1 6000 10 Europe/London 2011-03-03
6620367 Virginia Water Virginia Water virdzhinija Uoter,Вирджиния Уотер 51.40343 -0.56651 P PPL GB ENG N7 43UG 2999 36 Europe/London 2012-04-12
7116406 Lightwater Lightwater 51.34846 -0.67147 P PPL GB ENG N7 43UJ 43UJ004 6791 55 Europe/London 2018-07-03
8224785 Waterloo Waterloo 53.47454 -3.03017 P PPLX GB ENG L8 1001 13 Europe/London 2012-03-29
8468720 Water Eaton Water Eaton Water Eaton 51.98697 -0.72188 P PPLL GB ENG I6 00MG039 8412 75 83 Europe/London 2013-02-16
10104055 Sheerwater Sheerwater Sheerwater,syrwwtr,שירווטר,شیئرواٹر 51.33581 -0.53438 P PPL GB ENG N7 43UM 3603 31 Europe/London 2021-09-17
11592217 Waterfoot Waterfoot 55.76938 -4.28372 P PPL GB SCT U7 1260 99 Europe/London 2017-06-14
12719811 The Waterfront The Waterfront 22.30463 114.16303 P PPL HK KYT 4002 -9999 Asia/Hong
Kong 2024-02-01
12719842 Grand Waterfront Grand Waterfront 22.31921 114.19375 P PPL HK KKC 4400 3 Asia/Hong
Kong 2024-02-01
8076087 Guwoterus Guwoterus goewateroes, Guwoterus -6.9537 111.8276 P PPLA4 ID 08 3523 0 142 Asia/Jakarta 2022-12-31
2960987 watergrasshill Watergrasshill Cnocan na Biolrai,Cnocán na Biolraí,Watergrasshill 52.01139 -8.34417 P PPL IE M 04 1346 182 Europe/Dublin 2022-01-17
2960992 Waterford Waterford Port Lairge,Port Làirge,Port Láirge,Purt Largey,Uoterford,Uoturford,Voterford,Voterfordas,WAT,Waterford,Waterford city,uotafodo,watrfwrd,wo te fu de,woteopeodeu,Вотерфорд,Уотерфорд,Уотърфорд,واترفورد,واٹرفرڈ,უოტერფორდი,ウォーターフォード,沃特福德,워터퍼드 52.25833 -7.11194 P PPLA2 IE M 44 53504 10 Europe/Dublin 2022-09-01
2965645 castlebridge Castlebridge castlebridge, castlebridge-blackwater, Droichead an Chaisleain,Droichead an chaisleáin, kaslbridzas, Kaslbridzh,Kaslbridžas,Каслбридж 52.38639 -6.44944 P PPL IE L 30 1840 17 Europe/Dublin 2022-01-17
2744982 waterakkers Waterakkers 52.5044 4.65608 P PPLX NL 07 0396 2805 3 Europe/Amsterdam 2017-03-24
2748979 Oudewater Oudewater 52.025 4.86806 P PPL NL 09 0589 9836 1 Europe/Amsterdam 2017-10-17
2758258 Broek in Waterland Broek in Waterland Broek 52.43417 4.99583 P PPL NL 07 0852 2655 0 Europe/Amsterdam 2017-10-17
9036086 waterdonken Waterdonken 51.60959 4.80452 P PPLX NL 06 0758 1110 0 Europe/Amsterdam 2017-03-24
2192964 brightwater Brightwater -41.38333 173.11667 P PPL NZ TAS 051 2340 35 Pacific/Auckland 2022-11-30
6232188 Waterview Waterview -36.8782 174.69019 P PPLX NZ E7 076 3740 1 Pacific/Auckland 2022-08-09
6244866 Waterloo Waterloo -41.2155 174.9256 P PPLX NZ G2 046 5740 30 Pacific/Auckland 2024-10-02
526480 Mineralnye Vody Mineralnye Vody MRV,Mineral Waters,Mineral ni Vodi,Mineral nye Vody,Mineral nyja Vody,Mineral nyye Vody,Mineralized Veded,Mineraližed Veded,Mineralne Wody,Mineralnie Vodi,Mineralnie Vody,Mineralnie vodi,Mineralnije Vodi,Mineralniye Vodi,Mineralnoje Vodo,Mineralny Vody,Mineralnye Vody,Mineralnyje Vody,Mineralnyje Wody,Mineralnyye Vody,Mineralnîe Vodî,Mineralnõje Vodõ,Mineralnıye Vodı,Mineral’nyye Vody,Minjeralnyje Wody,Minvod,kuang shui cheng,minelalniyebodi,minerarinuie・vuodoi,mnralny fwdy,mynralnyh wwdy,mynrlnyyh wwdy,mynyralnayy fwdy,Минвод,Минералние води,Минералније Води,Минеральные Воды,Минеральные Воды балһсн,Мінеральныя Воды,Мінеральні Води,Միներալնիե Վոդի,מינרלנייה וודי,منرالني فودي,منرالنیئے وودی,مينيرالنايي فودي,مینرالنیه وودی,ミネラーリヌィエ・ヴォードィ,礦水城,미네랄니예보디 44.21028 43.13528 P PPL RU 70 76280 310 Europe/Moscow 2023-06-09
2403094 Waterloo Waterloo Gouoterlou,Uoterlu,Vaterloo,Vaterlu,Vaterlū,Waterloo,hua tie lu sai la li ang,oyataralu,seiyr ra li xon,uotaru,vatarlu,vattarlu,votaralu,watrlw,watrlw syra lywn,watrlw syralywn,woteollu,wwtrlw,Γουότερλου,Ватерлоо,Уотерлу,ווטרלו,واترلو,واترلو، سيراليون,واترلو، سیرا لئون,واٹرلو، سیرالیون,वॉटरलू,ওয়াটারলু,વોટરલૂ,வாட்டர்லூ,వాటర్లూ,ವಾಟರ್ಲೂ,වෝටර්ලු,เซียร์ราลีโอน,ウォータールー,滑铁卢，塞拉利昂,워털루 8.3389 -13.07091 P PPL SL 04 55000 23 Africa/Freetown 2024-01-18
4059870 East Florence East Florence East Florence,Sweetwater 34.80953 -87.64947 P PPL US AL 077 35733 167 171 America/Chicago 2006-01-17
4060232 Edgewater Edgewater Edgewater,Edzhvoter,Edzvoter,adjwatr alabama,ajwatr alabama,aydjwatr,e qi wo te,ejvatara,Еджвотер,Еџвотер,إيدجواتر,اجواتر، آلاباما,ادجواتر، آلاباما,ايدجواتر,ایج واٹر، الاباما,एज्वाटर,厄齊沃特 33.52677 -86.95777 P PPL US AL 073 883 162 162 America/Chicago 2011-05-14
4064598 Goodwater Goodwater Adkins Gap,Good water,Goodwater,Gudvoter,ghwdwwtr,gu de wo te,gudavatara,gwd watr alabama,Гудвотер,Ґудвотер,غودووتر,گود واتر، آلاباما,گودوۆتەر، ئەلاباما,गूडवाटर,古德沃特 33.06567 -86.0533 P PPL US AL 037 1343 256 264 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
4094484 Tuscumbia Tuscumbia Big Spring,Cold water,Deshlar Cross Roads,Ococoposa,Ococoposo,Ocoposa,Oka Kapassa,Taskambi,Taskambija,Tuscumbia,Tuskumbija,ta si kan bi ya,taskambiya,taskambya alabama,tasukanbia,twskwmbya,Таскамби,Таскамбия,Таскамбија,Таскамбія,Тъскъмбия,تاسکامبیا، آلاباما,توسكومبيا,तस्कम्बिया,タスカンビア,塔斯坎比亚 34.7312 -87.70253 P PPLA2 US AL 033 8474 142 143 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
4151316 Clearwater Clearwater CLW,Clearwater,Clearwater Harbor,Kliruoter,Klirvoter,Klirvoteris,Kliuruotur,ke li er wo te,keullieowoteo,kliyaravatara,klyrwatr,klyrwatr flwryda,kuriauota,Клирвотер,Клируотер,Клиъруотър,Клірвотер,كليرواتر,کلیئرواٹر، فلوریڈا,کلیرواتر، فلوریدا,کلیرواٹر,क्लियरवाटर,クリアウォーター,克利爾沃特,클리어워터 27.96585 -82.8001 P PPLA2 US FL 103 113003 9 15 America/New
York 2017-03-09
4154205 Edgewater Edgewater 28.98888 -80.90228 P PPL US FL 127 21566 1 4 America/New
York 2017-03-09
4162532 Lochmoor Waterway Estates Lochmoor Waterway Estates Lochmoor Waterway Estates,Lokhmor-Votervej-Estejts,Lokmor Votervej Estejts,Lokmur-Uoteruehj-Istejts,lakamura vatarave estetsa,luo qi mu er shui dao zhuang yuan,lwkmwr watrwy astyts,lwkmwr watrwy astyts flwryda,Локмор Вотервеј Естејтс,Локмур-Уотеруэй-Истейтс,Лохмор-Вотервей-Естейтс,لوکمور واتروی استیتس,لوکمور واتروی استیتس، فلوریدا,लकमूर वाटरवे एस्टेट्स,洛奇穆爾水道莊園 26.64424 -81.90981 P PPL US FL 071 4204 1 2 America/New
York 2011-05-14
4174600 Sweetwater Sweetwater Svitvoter,si wei te wo te,svitavatara,swytwatr,Свитвотер,سوئیتواتر، فلوریدا,سوئیٹ واٹر، میامی-ڈیڈ کاؤنٹی، فلوریڈا,سويتواتر,स्विटवाटर,斯威特沃特 25.76343 -80.37311 P PPL US FL 086 20840 1 7 America/New
York 2017-03-09
4177542 Watertown Watertown Uotertaun,Votertaun,Watertown,vatarata una,watrtawn,watrtawn flwryda,wo te dui,Вотертаун,Уотертаун,واترتاون,واترتاون، فلوریدا,واٹر ٹاؤن، فلوریڈا,वाटरटाउन,沃特敦 30.19245 -82.61457 P PPL US FL 023 2829 57 61 America/New
York 2011-05-14
4252548 Waterloo Waterloo Vaterlo,Voterlu,watrlw,watrlw aylynwy,Ватерло,Вотерлу,واترلو,واترلو، ایلینوی,واٹرلو، الینوائے 38.33589 -90.14983 P PPLA2 US IL 133 10236 216 216 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
4266643 Waterloo Waterloo Waterloo,oyataralu,watrlw,واترلو,واٹرلو، جانسن کاؤنٹی، انڈیانا,ওয়াটারলু 39.56255 -86.19749 P PPL US IN 081 83924 2209 246 248 America/Indiana/Indianapolis 2017-05-23
4269690 Clearwater Clearwater Clearwater,Klirvoter,ke li er wo te,klyrwatr kanzas,klyrwwtr,Клирвотер,Клірвотер,كليرووتر,کلیئرواٹر، کنساس,کلیرواتر، کانزاس,克利爾沃特 37.5028 -97.50449 P PPL US KS 173 50725 2537 392 397 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
4269802 Coldwater Coldwater Koldvoter,Koulduoter,kwldwatr kanzas,kwldwwtr,Колдвотер,Коулдуотер,كولدووتر,کولدواتر، کانزاس,کولڈواٹر، کنساس 37.26891 -99.32678 P PPLA2 US KS 033 14725 806 642 648 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
4281318 Waterville Waterville Votervil,Votervill,Waterville,watrwyl kanzas,wo te wei er,wtrwyl kanzas,wwtrfyl,Вотервил,Вотервилл,Вотервілл,واترویل، کانزاس,وترویل، کانزاس,ووترفيل,沃特維爾 39.69111 -96.74752 P PPL US KS 117 75975 651 359 364 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
4281710 Whitewater Whitewater Ovo,Vajtvoter,White water,Whitewater,huai te wo te,wayt wwtr,waytwatr kanzas,waytwtr kanzas,Вайтвотер,Вајтвотер,وائٹ واٹر، کنساس,وايت ووتر,وایتواتر، کانزاس,وایتوتر، کانزاس,怀特沃特,懷特沃特 37.96474 -97.14753 P PPL US KS 015 46875 710 418 424 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
4289606 Dawson Springs Dawson Springs Dawson,Dawson City,Dawson Springs,Dawsonsprings,Donson Springs,Doson-Springs,Douson Springs,Ntoson Sprin nks,Tradewater,dao sen quan,dawsn asprynqz kntaky,dawswn sbrynghz,dawswn sbrynjz,dsn aspryngz kntaky,dwswn spryngs,Ντόσον Σπρινγκς,Донсон Спрингс,Досон-Спрингс,Досон-Спрінгс,Доусон Спрингс,דוסון ספרינגס,داوسن اسپرینقز، کنتاکی,داوسون سبرينجز,داوسون سبرينغز,دسن اسپرینگز، کنتاکی,ڈاوسن سپرنگز، کینٹکی,ドーソン・スプリングス,道森泉 37.16727 -87.69251 P PPL US KY 107 2737 128 130 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
4331567 Logansport Logansport Logans Ferry,Logansport,Waterloo 31.97545 -93.99797 P PPL US LA 031 1564 65 71 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
4345543 Waterproof Waterproof Water Proof,Waterproof 31.80488 -91.38345 P PPL US LA 107 609 21 25 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
4354072 Edgewater Edgewater 38.938 -76.557 P PPL US MD 003 9023 15 1 America/New
York 2024-02-13
4355809 Fulton Fulton Fulton,Waters Store 39.15094 -76.92303 P PPL US MD 027 2049 138 140 America/New
York 2011-05-14
4422281 Coldwater Coldwater Coldwater,Darden Ridge 32.71486 -89.21423 P PPL US MS 099 1608 143 145 America/Chicago 2010-02-16
4422289 Coldwater Coldwater Cold water,Coldwater,Coldwater Depot 34.69177 -89.97731 P PPL US MS 137 1603 76 79 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
4434502 Maben Maben Good water,Maben 33.5554 -89.08478 P PPL US MS 105 874 135 137 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
4443050 Redwater Redwater 32.7668 -89.53674 P PPL US MS 079 633 117 127 America/Chicago 2011-05-14
4450347 Water Valley Water Valley Oke Chukma,Uater Vehllej,Voter Vali,Voter-Velli,Water Valley,watr wly mysysypy,wo te wa li,wwtr faly,Вотер Вали,Вотер-Велли,Вотер-Веллі,Уатер Вэллей,واتر ولی، میسیسیپی,واٹر ویلی، مسیسپی,ووتر فالى,ووتر فالي,沃特瓦利 34.1515 -89.63147 P PPL US MS 161 3380 89 90 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
4552215 Stillwater Stillwater SWO,Stilgouoter,Stilluateh,Stilvoter,astylwatr aklahma,seutil-woteo,si di er wo te,stilavotara,stylwwtr,sutiruuota,Στίλγουοτερ,Стилвотер,Стиллуатэ,استیلواتر، اکلاهما,ستيلووتر,سٹیلواٹر، اوکلاہوما,स्टिलवॉटर,スティルウォーター,斯蒂尔沃特,스틸워터 36.11561 -97.05837 P PPLA2 US OK 119 48967 273 277 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
4574947 Clearwater Clearwater 33.4968 -81.89206 P PPL US SC 003 4370 45 46 America/New
York 2011-05-14
4600065 Walterboro Walterboro Ireland Creek,RBW,Volterboro,Walterboro,Walterborough,Waterboro,waltrbwrw,waltrbwrw karwlynay jnwby,wo er te bo lei,Волтерборо,والتربورو,والتربورو، کارولینای جنوبی,والٹربورو، جنوبی کیرولائنا,沃尔特伯勒 32.90517 -80.66677 P PPLA2 US SC 029 5278 21 25 America/New
York 2017-03-09
4621745 Falling Water Falling Water Falling water,Foling Voter,Folling-Voter,fl wtr tnsy,Фолинг Вотер,Фоллинг-Вотер,Фоллінг-Вотер,فالینگ واٹر، ٹینیسی,فل وتر، تنسی 35.20312 -85.25357 P PPL US TN 065 1232 210 213 America/New
York 2011-05-14
4661331 Sweetwater Sweetwater Svitvoter,Sweet water,Sweetwater,aswytwatr tnsy,suitouota,swytwatr,Свитвотер,Світвотер,اسویتواتر، تنسی,سوئیٹ واٹر، ٹینیسی,سويتواتر,スイートウォーター 35.60146 -84.46104 P PPL US TN 123 5931 278 277 America/New
York 2017-03-09
4666102 Watertown Watertown Three Forks,Votertaun,Waters Mill,Watertown,watrtawn tnsy,wo te dui shi,wwtrtawn,Вотертаун,واترتاون، تنسی,واٹر ٹاؤن، ٹینیسی,ووترتاون,沃特敦市 36.10034 -86.13193 P PPL US TN 189 1517 199 198 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
4671654 Austin Austin AUS,Austin,Austino,Austinopolis,Aŭstino,Montopolis,Oscin,Ostin,Ostina,Ostinas,Ostins,Waterloo,ao si ting,asatina,astin,astina,astyn tgzas,awstn,ke shi dian,oseutin,ostina,ostʼini,osutin,xxstin,Ώστιν,Остин,Остін,Осцін,Օստին,אוסטין,אסטין,آستین، تگزاس,آسٹن,آسٹن، ٹیکساس,أوستن,अस्टिन,अस्तिन,आस्टिन्,ऑस्टिन,অস্টিন,ਆਸਟਿਨ,ஆஸ்டின்,ഓസ്റ്റിൻ,ออสติน,ოსტინი,ኦስቲን፣ ቴክሳስ,ᎠᏍᏘᏂ,オースティン,奧斯汀,柯士甸,오스틴 30.26715 -97.74306 P PPLA US TX 453 931830 149 165 America/Chicago 2019-09-05
4693621 Gladewater Gladewater Gladewater,Glejdvoter,glydwatr tgzas,guredouota,kladwwtr,qlydwatr tkzas,Глейдвотер,Глејдвотер,قلیدواتر، تکزاس,كلادووتر,گلیدواتر، تگزاس,グレードウォーター 32.53653 -94.94272 P PPL US TX 183 6432 111 116 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
4722062 Redwater Redwater Ingersoll,Redwater 33.35818 -94.25436 P PPL US TX 037 1071 90 94 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
4748925 bridgewater Bridgewater Bridgeport,Bridgewater,Bridzhuoter,Dinkletown,Бриджуотер 38.38207 -78.9767 P PPL US VA 165 5889 359 360 America/New
York 2017-03-09
4791861 Wakefield Wakefield Blackwater Depot,Heath s,Heaths,Vejkfild,Wakefield,Wakefield Station,ueikufirudo,wykfyld,wyykfyld wyrjynya,Вейкфилд,Вейкфілд,Вејкфилд,وئیکفیلد، ویرجینیا,ويكفيلد,ویکفیلڈ، ورجینیا,ウェイクフィールド 36.96821 -76.98968 P PPL US VA 183 884 30 34 America/New
York 2017-03-09
4792494 Waverly Waverly Blackwater Depot,Waverly,Waverly Station 37.03598 -77.09524 P PPL US VA 183 2073 34 38 America/New
York 2017-03-09
4805596 Falling Waters Falling Waters Falling Waters,Fallingwater,Foling Voters,Folling-Voters,fl wtrz wyrjynyay ghrby,pu bu shi,Фолинг Вотерс,Фоллинг-Вотерс,Фоллінг-Вотерс,فالینگ واٹرس، مغربی ورجینیا,فل وترز، ویرجینیای غربی,瀑布市 39.55926 -77.89083 P PPL US WV 003 876 118 123 America/New
York 2011-05-14
4833276 Watervliet Watervliet gibbonsville, Port Schuyler,Uotervlit,Vatervlejt,Votervlit,Washington,Watervliet,West Troy,Wатервлиет,uotaburito,wa te fu li te,watrwyt nywywrk,wtrflyt,Ватервлейт,Вотервлит,Вотервліт,Уотервлит,واترویت، نیویورک,واٹرولیٹ، نیو یارک,وترفليت,വാട്ടർവ്ലിയെറ്റ്,ウォーターブリート,瓦特弗利特 42.73008 -73.70123 P PPL US NY 001 78674 10214 9 7 America/New
York 2017-05-23
4834040 Enfield Enfield Ehnfild,Enfield,Freshwater,aynfyld,enfirudo,Энфилд,إينفيلد,اینفیلڈ، کنیکٹیکٹ,エンフィールド 41.97621 -72.59176 P PPL US CT 110 25990 45212 47 53 America/New
York 2024-05-21
4835003 glastonbury Glastonbury glastenbury, glastonberi, glastonbjuri, glastonbury, Naubuc,Watertuyn,ghlastwnbwry,Гластонбери,Гластонбюри,غلاستونبوري,گلیسٹنبری، کنیکٹیکٹ 41.71232 -72.60815 P PPL US CT 110 31240 31876 19 19 America/New
York 2024-05-21
4841089 Prospect Prospect Prospect,Waterbury South Farms 41.50232 -72.97872 P PPL US CT 140 62290 9476 268 268 America/New
York 2024-05-21
4844200 thompsonville Thompsonville Freshwater Brook,The City,Thompsonville,Tompsonvil,Tompsonvill,tampswnwyl,tampswnwyl kntykt,tang pu sen wei er,thampsanabhila,thwmbswnfyl,Томпсонвил,Томпсонвилл,Томпсонвілл,تامپسونویل,تامپسونویل، کنتیکت,ثومبسونفيل,थंप्सनभिल,湯普森維爾 41.99704 -72.59898 P PPL US CT 110 25990 8577 35 38 America/New
York 2024-05-21
4845193 Waterbury Waterbury Forest City,The Brass City,Uotrbri,Uoterberi,Vaterbjuri,Voterberi,Waterbury,uotabari,uotaberi,vatarabari,votarabari,watrbry kntykt,watrbwry,wo te bo li,woteobeli,wwtrbry,Ватербюри,Вотербери,Вотербері,Уотербери,Уотърбъри,ווטרברי,واتربری، کنتیکت,واتربوري,واٹربری، کنیکٹیکٹ,वाटरबरी,वॉटरबरी,ウォーターバリー,ウォーターベリー,沃特伯里,워터베리 41.55815 -73.0515 P PPL US CT 140 80070 108802 82 84 America/New
York 2024-05-21
4845245 Watertown Watertown Vatehrtaun,Votertaun,Watertown,Watertown Center,woteotaun,Ватэртаун,Вотертаун,واٹر ٹاؤن، کنیکٹیکٹ,워터타운 41.60621 -73.11817 P PPL US CT 140 80490 3574 178 181 America/New
York 2024-05-21
4845612 wethersfield Wethersfield Pyquaq,Vedersfild,Vezersfild,Watertown,Wethersfield,vedarsaphilda,Ведерсфилд,Везерсфилд,ویدرزفیلڈ، کنیکٹیکٹ,वेदर्सफिल्ड 41.71427 -72.65259 P PPL US CT 110 84900 26668 25 19 America/New
York 2024-05-21
4880889 Waterloo Waterloo ALO,Uatehrlu,Vaterlo,Voterlu,Waterloo,uotaru,votarlu,watrlw,watrlw aywwa,woteollu,wwtrlw,Ватерло,Вотерлу,Уатэрлу,ווטרלו,واترلو,واترلو، آیووا,واٹرلو، آئیووا,वॉटर्लू,ウォータールー,워털루 42.49276 -92.34296 P PPLA2 US IA 013 94597 68460 261 263 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
4890701 Edgewater Edgewater 41.98337 -87.66395 P PPLX US IL 031 14000 54873 181 184 America/Chicago 2017-12-06
4908737 St. Charles St. Charles Charleston,Saint Charles,Saint-Charles,Sent Charls,Sent-Charl z,Sent-Charlz,St. Charles,Waterville,sant tsharlz,sheng cha er si,snt charlz aylynwy,Сент Чарлс,Сент-Чарлз,Сент-Чарльз,Սենտ Չարլզ,سانت تشارلز,سنت چارلز، ایلینوی,سینٹ چارلز، الینوائے,セイント・チャールズ,圣查尔斯,聖查爾斯 41.91419 -88.30869 P PPL US IL 089 32974 223 224 America/Chicago 2021-02-20
4915683 Waterman Waterman 41.7717 -88.77369 P PPL US IL 037 14988 1494 252 256 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
4927928 Waterloo Waterloo Vaterlo,Waterloo,Waterloo City,Ватерло 41.43199 -85.01997 P PPL US IN 033 28836 2248 276 278 America/Indiana/Indianapolis 2017-05-23
4931303 bridgewater Bridgewater bridgewater, Bridgewater Centre,Bridzhuateh,Bridzhuoter,bryjwatr masachwst,burijjiuota,Бриджуатэ,Бриджуотер,برج واٹر، میساچوسٹس,بریجواتر، ماساچوست,ブリッジウォーター 41.99038 -70.97504 P PPL US MA 023 08085 7841 30 34 America/New
York 2017-05-23
4931429 Brockton Brockton Brockton,Broktan,Brokton,Broktona,Broktonas,Broktun,North bridgewater, beulagteun,br xk tan,brakatana,braktan,braktwn masachwst,brok ton,brokatana,brwktwn,brwqtwn,bu luo ke dun,burokkuton,piraktn,Μπρόκτον,Броктан,Броктон,Броктън,Բրոքթոն,ברוקטון,براکتون، ماساچوست,بروكتون,بروکٹن، میساچوسٹس,ब्रॉकटन,ब्रॉक्टोन,ব্রকটন,બ્રૉકટન,பிராக்ட்ன்,బ్రోక్ టొన్,ಬ್ರಾಕ್ಟನ್,බ්රොක්ටන්,บรอกตัน,ブロックトン,布罗克顿,布羅克頓,브락튼 42.08343 -71.01838 P PPL US MA 023 09000 95314 35 37 America/New
York 2017-05-23
4935330 East bridgewater East bridgewater Ist bridzhuateh, bryjwatr shrqy masachwst,Ист Бриджуатэ,بریجواتر شرقی، ماساچوست 42.03343 -70.95921 P PPL US MA 023 18455 14021 22 27 America/New
York 2017-05-23
4954611 Watertown Watertown gouotertaoun, saltonstall Plantation,Uotertaun,Vatertaun,Votertaun,Watertown,uotataun,watrtawn masachwst,wo te dui,woteotaun,wtrtawn,wwtrtwwn,Γουότερταουν,Вотертаун,Уотертаун,Ուոթերթաուն,ווטרטוון,واترتاون، ماساچوست,واٹر ٹاؤن، میساچوسٹس,وترتاون,ウォータータウン,沃特敦,워터타운 42.37093 -71.18283 P PPL US MA 017 73440 31915 19 23 America/New
York 2017-05-23
4954886 West bridgewater West bridgewater Centre Village,Nunketest,Nunketetest,Vehst bridzhuateh, West bridgewater, West bridgewater Centre,bryjwatr ghrby masachwst,Вэст Бриджуатэ,بریجواتر غربی، ماساچوست 42.01899 -71.00782 P PPL US MA 023 75260 6750 19 25 America/New
York 2017-05-23
4959274 bridgewater Bridgewater bridgewater, bridzhuatehr, bridzhuoter, bridzhvoter, brydg wwtr,bu li qi wo te,burijjiuota,Бриджвотер,Бриджуатэр,Бриджуотер,ברידג ווטר,برج واٹر، مینے,ブリッジウォーター,布里奇沃特 46.42782 -67.84336 P PPL US ME 003 07065 636 130 130 America/New
York 2017-05-23
4974071 Oakland Oakland Oakland,Oklend,West Waterfield,Окленд 44.54034 -69.72199 P PPL US ME 011 54560 2602 71 71 America/New
York 2017-05-23
4982218 Waterboro Waterboro uatehrborou, Voterboro,Waterboro,watrbwrw myyn,wo te bo lei,wwtrbwrw,Вотерборо,Уатэрбороу,ווטרבורו,واتربورو، مئین,沃特伯勒 43.53564 -70.71506 P PPL US ME 031 80530 7532 81 82 America/New
York 2017-05-23
4982236 Waterville Waterville Ticonic Falls,Uotervill,Vatehrvill,Votervil,Votervil,WVL,Waterville,uotabiru,watrwyl myn,wo te wei er,woteobil,wwtrfyl,Ватэрвилл,Вотервил,Вотервіль,Уотервилл,واترویل، مین,واٹرویل، میئن,ووترفيل,ウォータービル,沃特维尔,워터빌 44.55201 -69.63171 P PPL US ME 011 80740 16261 33 34 America/New
York 2017-05-23
4989266 Coldwater Coldwater Koldvoter,Koulduatehr,ke er de wo te,kwldwatr myshygan,kwldwwtr,Колдвотер,Коулдуатэр,كولدووتر,کولدواتر، میشیگان,کولڈواٹر، مشی گن,科尔德沃特 41.94033 -85.00052 P PPLA2 US MI 023 17020 10844 294 296 America/Detroit 2017-05-23
5005318 Pentwater Pentwater Pent water,Pentwater 43.78167 -86.43314 P PPL US MI 127 63560 845 183 184 America/Detroit 2017-05-23
5014130 Waterford Waterford Uoterford,Уотерфорд 42.69303 -83.41181 P PPL US MI 125 84240 75737 294 302 America/Detroit 2017-05-23
5014165 Watervliet Watervliet uatehrvlajt, Votervlit,Watervliet,wa te fu li te,watrwlyt myshygan,watrwlyt myshyqan,wtrflyt,Вотервлит,Вотервліт,Уатэрвлайт,واترولیت، میشیقان,واترولیت، میشیگان,وترفليت,瓦特弗利特 42.18671 -86.26058 P PPL US MI 021 84500 1692 198 199 America/Detroit 2017-05-23
5016813 Atwater Atwater Atuatehr,Atuoter,Atvoter,Atwater,City of Atwater,atwatr,Атвотер,Атуатэр,Атуотер,أتواتر,اتواتر,اتواتر، مینهسوتا,اتواتر، مینیسوٹا 45.13885 -94.77806 P PPL US MN 067 02692 1124 372 372 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
5021527 Clearwater Clearwater City of Clearwater,Clear water,Clearwater,Clearwater Village,Kliauatehr,Kliruoter,Klirvoter,klyr wwtr,Клиауатэр,Клирвотер,Клируотер,Клірвотер,كلير ووتر,کلیئر واٹر، مینیسوٹا,کلییروتر، مینهسوتا 45.41941 -94.04887 P PPL US MN 171 11800 1783 294 295 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
5048814 Stillwater Stillwater City of Stillwater,Stilluatehr,Stilluoter,Stillvoter,Stillwater,Stilvoter,seutil-woteo,stylwwtr,Стилвотер,Стиллуатэр,Стиллуотер,Стіллвотер,استیلواتر، مینهسوتا,ستيلووتر,스틸워터 45.05636 -92.80604 P PPLA2 US MN 163 62824 18924 212 211 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
5052016 Watertown Watertown City of Watertown,Uatehrtaun,Uotertaun,Votertaun,Watertown,wo te dui,wwtrtawn,Вотертаун,Уатэртаун,Уотертаун,واترتاون، مینهسوتا,واٹر ٹاؤن، مینیسوٹا,ووترتاون,沃特敦 44.96357 -93.84719 P PPL US MN 019 68548 4289 285 287 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
5052019 Waterville Waterville City of Waterville,Uatehrvill,Uotervill,Votervil,Votervill,Waterville,wo te wei er,wwtrfyl,wwtrwwyl,Вотервил,Вотервилл,Вотервілл,Уатэрвилл,Уотервилл,ווטרוויל,واترویل، مینهسوتا,ووترفيل,沃特维尔 44.21885 -93.568 P PPL US MN 079 68584 1849 309 309 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
5081416 Waterloo Waterloo Vaterlo,Ватерло 41.28694 -96.28558 P PPL US NE 055 1044 344 343 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
5081518 Weeping Water Weeping Water EPG,Viping Uateh,Viping Voter,Viping-Voter,Weeping water,qi lei cun,wybyngh watyr,wybynj watyr,wypyng wtr nbraska,wypynq wtr nbraska,Випинг Вотер,Випинг Уатэ,Випинг-Вотер,Віпінг-Вотер,ويبينج واتير,ويبينغ واتير,ویپینق وتر، نبراسکا,ویپینگ وتر، نبراسکا,泣泪村,泣淚村 40.87 -96.14057 P PPL US NE 025 93383 1057 335 337 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
5083803 bridgewater Bridgewater 43.63841 -71.73647 P PPL US NH 009 07540 1037 195 201 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5095860 Bound Brook Bound Brook Baund Bruk,Baund-Bruk,Bound Brook,Boundbreak,Boundbrook,Bridgewater,bwnd brwk nywjrsy,Баунд Брук,Баунд-Брук,بوند بروک، نیوجرسی 40.56844 -74.53849 P PPL US NJ 035 06790 10497 14 19 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5097521 Edgewater Park Edgewater Park Edzhuatehr Park Taunship,Municipio de Edgewater Park,ajwatr park nywjrsy,Еджуатэр Парк Тауншип,اجواتر پارک، نیوجرسی 40.06817 -74.90072 P PPL US NJ 005 20050 7387 7 11 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5097575 Edgewater Edgewater Edgewater,Edzvoter,Ehdzhuateh,Undercliff,ajwatr nywjrsy,Еџвотер,Эджуатэ,اجواتر، نیوجرسی,ایج واٹر، نیو جرسی 40.82704 -73.97569 P PPL US NJ 003 20020 12034 15 21 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5110168 brightwaters Brightwaters 40.72093 -73.26734 P PPL US NY 103 38000 3088 7 10 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5139732 Stillwater Stillwater 42.93841 -73.65317 P PPL US NY 091 71333 1732 28 30 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5141165 tompkinsville Tompkinsville tompkinsvil ,Tompkinsvill,Tompkinsville,Watering Place,tang pu jin si cun,tonpukinsuvuiru,Томпкинсвилл,Томпкінсвілл,Томпкінсвіль,トンプキンスヴィル,湯普金斯村 40.63812 -74.07795 P PPL US NY 085 8343 34 18 America/New
York 2019-03-15
5143370 Waterford Waterford Half-Moon Point,Uoterford,Voterford,Waterford,Вотерфорд,Уотерфорд 42.79258 -73.68123 P PPL US NY 091 78531 2037 21 24 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5143380 Waterloo Waterloo New Hudson,Scauyes,Scauyz,Scawas,Scawyace,Vaterlo,Voterlu,Waterloo,qryt watrlw,Ватерло,Вотерлу,قرية واترلو,واٹرلو 42.90479 -76.86274 P PPLA2 US NY 099 78564 5036 138 139 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5143386 Water Mill Water Mill Mill Neck,Water Mill,Water Mills,Watermill 40.91959 -72.34274 P PPL US NY 103 68473 1559 3 5 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5143396 Watertown Watertown ART,Uotertaun,Vatertaun,Votertaun,uotataun,watrtawn nywywrk,watyrtawn,Ватертаун,Вотертаун,Уотертаун,واترتاون، نیویورک,واتيرتاون,واٹر ٹاؤن,ウォータータウン 43.97478 -75.91076 P PPLA2 US NY 045 78608 26780 142 146 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5143405 Waterville Waterville Skanawis,The Huddle,Waterville 42.93118 -75.37989 P PPL US NY 065 65134 1551 366 367 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5146149 Atwater Atwater Atwater,Atwater Station 41.02395 -81.16343 P PPL US OH 133 02862 758 344 344 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5150725 Coldwater Coldwater Buzzards Glory,Cold water,Coldwater,Franktown 40.47977 -84.62829 P PPL US OH 107 10604 4487 278 279 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5151278 Covington Covington Covington,Fort Buchanan,Fort Rowdy,Friendship,New Jefferson,Newberry,Newburg,Newbury,Redman,Stillwater 40.11727 -84.35384 P PPL US OH 109 54138 2625 284 283 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5164449 New Waterford New Waterford Bull Creek,New Waterford 40.84506 -80.61452 P PPL US OH 029 78890 1202 319 318 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5174585 uhrichsville Uhrichsville akhrichsvill, Egypt,Juriksvill,Uhrichs Mill,Uhrichsville,Uhricksville,Ulricks Mills,Urichsville,Urikhsvill,Waterford,awhrychswyl awhayw,ywhrytshsfyl,Ахричсвилл,Урихсвилл,Уріхсвілл,Юриксвилл,اوهریچسویل، اوهایو,يوهريتشسفيل 40.39312 -81.3465 P PPL US OH 157 50232 5404 261 263 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5175847 Waterville Waterville Votervil,Votervill,Waterville,uotavuiru,watrwyl awhayw,watyrfyl,Вотервил,Вотервілл,واترویل، اوهایو,واتيرفيل,ウォーターヴィル 41.50089 -83.71827 P PPL US OH 095 5514 187 190 America/New
York 2017-03-09
5181639 bridgewater Bridgewater bridgewater, bridzhuoter, Bridzvoter,West bridgewater, Бриджуотер,Бриџвотер,برج واٹر، پنسلوانیا 40.70534 -80.30117 P PPL US PA 007 08632 693 244 242 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5186696 Delaware Water Gap Delaware Water Gap Delaware Water Gap,Delaware Watergap,Dutotsburg,Water Gap 40.97926 -75.14296 P PPL US PA 089 18736 713 155 162 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5199879 Marietta Marietta Marietta,Marijeta,New Haven,Waterford,Мариетта,Маријета 40.05704 -76.55219 P PPL US PA 071 47424 2608 84 83 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5206800 Polk Polk Polk,Waterloo 41.367 -79.92922 P PPL US PA 121 61936 794 322 326 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5208641 Rochester Rochester East bridgewater, Fairport,Rochester,Рочестер,روچیسٹر، پنسلوانیا 40.70229 -80.28645 P PPL US PA 007 3569 243 241 America/New
York 2017-03-09
5218198 Waterford Waterford Fort Le Boeuf,Uoterford,Waterford,Уотерфорд 41.94283 -79.9845 P PPL US PA 049 81456 1538 367 372 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5218199 Waterford Waterford 40.25452 -79.16753 P PPL US PA 129 43240 1460 402 405 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5232741 Watertown Watertown ATY,Uotertaun,Votertaun,uotataun,votarata una,wo te dui,woteotaun,wtrtawn dakwtay jnwby,Вотертаун,Уотертаун,وترتاون، داکوتای جنوبی,वॉटरटाउन,ウォータータウン,沃特敦,워터타운 44.89941 -97.11507 P PPLA2 US SD 029 69300 22073 528 530 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
5242565 Waterbury Waterbury Uoturburi,Voterberi,Waterbury,Waterbury Village,watrbwry,Вотербери,Уотърбъри,واتربوري,واٹربری، ورمونٹ 44.33783 -72.75623 P PPL US VT 023 76975 1821 130 135 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5251436 Eau Claire Eau Claire Clearwater,EAU,Eau Claire,Eauclaire,O Kler,O Kleras,O-Klehr,O-Kler,Oklera,Oklēra,Ou Kler,aw klyr,aww klyyr wskwnsn,aywklyr wyskansyn,okeulleeo,okurea,ou ke lei er,qing shui shi,О Клер,О-Клер,О-Клэр,Оу Клер,أو كلير,اوو کلیئر، وسکونسن,ایوکلیر، ویسکانسین,โอแคลร์,ო-კლერი,オークレア,歐克雷爾,清水市,오클레어 44.81135 -91.49849 P PPLA2 US WI 035 22300 67778 240 244 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
5277989 Waterloo Waterloo Vaterlo,Vaterloo,Waterloo,Waterloum,hua tie lu,wateruro,woteollu,Βατερλώ,Ватерло,Ватерлоо,ワーテルロー,滑鐵盧,워털루 43.18388 -88.98844 P PPL US WI 055 83925 3343 247 249 America/Chicago 2023-11-27
5278003 Waterford Waterford Uoterford,Уотерфорд 42.76307 -88.21426 P PPL US WI 101 83825 5358 236 236 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
5278005 Watertown Watertown Johnsons Rapids,Votertaun,Watertown,watrtwn wyskansyn,woteotaun,wwtrtawn,Вотертаун,واترتون، ویسکانسین,واٹر ٹاؤن، وسکونسن,ووترتاون,워터타운 43.19472 -88.72899 P PPL US WI 055 83975 23819 260 262 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
5278931 Whitewater Whitewater Uajtuoter,Vajtvoter,Whitewater,bai shui cheng,howaitouota,hwaiteuwoteo,waytwatr wyskansyn,waytwwtr,Вайтвотер,Вајтвотер,Уайтуотер,وائٹ واٹر، وسکونسن,وايتووتر,وایتواتر، ویسکانسین,ホワイトウォーター,白水城,화이트워터 42.83362 -88.73233 P PPL US WI 127 86925 14692 251 252 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
5285857 Blackwater Blackwater Blackwater,Oo-Kut,Standing Tree,Uhs Kug 33.03117 -111.58263 P PPL US AZ 021 1062 420 419 America/Phoenix 2011-05-14
5286242 Bluewater Bluewater Bluewater,Bluvoter,bluvatara,blwwatr,blwwatr aryzwna,bu lu wo te,Блувотер,بلوواتر,بلوواتر، آریزونا,بلیوواٹر، ایریزونا,ब्लुवाटर,布盧沃特 34.16863 -114.26495 P PPL US AZ 012 725 123 121 America/Phoenix 2011-05-14
5325187 Atwater Atwater Atuoter,Atvoter,Atwater,Etuotur,Kin Libai,Kin Łibáí,a te wo te,atouota,atwatr kalyfrnya,atwatr kalyfwrnya,atwwtr,etvatara,Атвотер,Атуотер,Етуотър,آتواتر، کالیفرنیا,آتواتر، کالیفورنیا,أتووتر,اتووتر,ایٹواٹر، کیلیفورنیا,एट्वाटर,അറ്റ്വാട്ടർ,アトウォーター,阿特沃特 37.34772 -120.60908 P PPL US CA 047 29237 46 50 America/Los
Angeles 2017-03-09
5326297 Barstow Barstow Barstou,Barstow,Bashdo,Báshdo,Fishpond,Fishponds,Grapevine,Waterman,Waterman Junction,ba si tuo,barasto,barstaw,barstw kalyfrnya,barztww kalyfwrnya,baseuto,basutou,brstw,Барстоу,ברסטו,بارزتوو، کالیفورنیا,بارستاو,بارستو، کالیفرنیا,بارسٹو، کیلیفورنیا,बारस्टो,ബാർസ്റ്റോവ്,バーストウ,巴斯托,바스토 34.89859 -117.02282 P PPL US CA 071 23692 663 666 America/Los
Angeles 2017-03-09
5341256 Cypress Cypress Cypress,Saipres,Sajpres,Sajpress,Sajprus,Sipres,Waterville,caippiracu,kyprs kalyfrnya,kyprs kalyfwrnya,sa ipresa,sai pu li si,saipeuleoseu,saipras,saipuresu,saybrys,sayprys kylyfwrnya,syyprs,Łeeyiʼtó Hatsoh,Σάιπρες,Сайпресс,Сайпръс,Сајпрес,סייפרס,سائپریس، کیلیفورنیا,سايبريس,کیپرس، کالیفرنیا,کیپرس، کالیفورنیا,साइप्रेस,சைப்பிரசு,സൈപ്രസ്,サイプレス,賽普里斯,赛普里斯,사이프러스 33.81696 -118.03729 P PPL US CA 059 49290 12 14 America/Los
Angeles 2017-03-09
5407463 Waterford Waterford Haʼnaa Nʼdeetiin,Uoterford,Uoturford,Voterford,Waterford,vatarapharda,watrfwrd kalyfrnya,watrfwrd kalyfwrnya,watyrfwrd,wo te fu de,Вотерфорд,Уотерфорд,Уотърфорд,واترفورد، کالیفرنیا,واترفورد، کالیفورنیا,واتيرفورد,واٹرفورڈ، کیلیفورنیا,वाटरफर्ड,沃特福德 37.64132 -120.76048 P PPL US CA 099 8824 52 52 America/Los
Angeles 2017-03-09
5407474 Waterloo Waterloo Vaterloo,Voterlu,Waterloo,hua tie lu,oyataralu,watrlw,watrlw kalyfwrnya,Ватерлоо,Вотерлу,واترلو,واترلو، کالیفورنیا,ওয়াটারলু,滑鐵盧 38.03464 -121.18689 P PPL US CA 077 572 18 19 America/Los
Angeles 2011-05-14
5420859 Edgewater Edgewater Edgewater,Edzhuotur,Edzhvoter,Edzvoter,Ehdzhuater,Ehdzhvoter,adjwatr kwlwradw,ai qi wo te,aydjwwtr,ayjwatr klradw,ejiwoteo,ejvatara,Еджвотер,Еджуотър,Еџвотер,Эджвотер,Эджуатер,إيدجووتر,ادجواتر، کولورادو,ايدجووتر,ایج واٹر، کولوراڈو,ایجواتر، کلرادو,एज्वाटर,埃奇沃特,에지워터 39.75304 -105.06415 P PPL US CO 059 5302 1640 1645 America/Denver 2017-03-09
5497190 Waterflow Waterflow Ch indii lich ii,Jewett Valley,Kentucky Mesa,Liberty,Waterflow 36.75972 -108.48175 P PPL US NM 045 1670 1543 1547 America/Denver 2011-05-14
5530549 shallowater Shallowater shallowater, Shalovoter,Shellouvoter,shalwwtr,shlwwatr tgzas,shlwwatr tkzas,Шаловотер,Шеллоувотер,شالووتر,شلوواتر، تکزاس,شلوواتر، تگزاس 33.68897 -101.99823 P PPL US TX 303 2555 1004 1006 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
5531968 Sweetwater Sweetwater SWW,Svitvoter,swwytwatr tgzas,swytwatr,Свитвотер,سوئیٹ واٹر، ٹیکساس,سوویتواتر، تگزاس,سويتواتر 32.47095 -100.40594 P PPLA2 US TX 353 10809 661 664 America/Chicago 2017-07-12
5550954 Aguila Aguila Aguila,Agujla,Canon water,a ji la,agwyla aryzwna,aqwyla aryzwna,Águila,Агуйла,آقویلا، آریزونا,اگویلا، اریزونا,阿吉拉 33.94281 -113.17408 P PPL US AZ 013 798 659 661 America/Phoenix 2011-05-14
5568325 Mountain Gate Mountain Gate Bass,Maunten-Gejt,Mauntin Gejt,Mountain Gate,Stillwater,mang ting gai te,mawntayn gyt,mawntayn qyt kalyfwrnya,Маунтен-Гейт,Маунтин Гејт,ماونتاین قیت، کالیفورنیا,ماونتاین گیت,芒廷蓋特 40.71626 -122.33167 P PPL US CA 089 943 274 278 America/Los
Angeles 2011-05-14
5645893 Columbus Columbus Columbus,Countrymans,Eagle s Nest,Kolumbus,Sheep Dip,Stillwater,Колумбус 45.63661 -109.25211 P PPLA2 US MT 095 2042 1093 1094 America/Denver 2017-03-09
5686092 White Sulphur Springs White Sulphur Springs Hot Sulphur Springs,Minnie Wabba,Uajt Sul fur Springs,Uajt Sulful Springs,Vajt Sulfer Springs,Wampum Waters,White Sulphur Spring,White Sulphur Springs,bai liu huang quan zhen,wayt salfr aspryngz mwntana,wayt swlfr sbrynghz,Вајт Сулфер Спрингс,Уайт Сульфур Спрингс,Уайт Сълфъл Спрингс,وايت سولفر سبرينغز,وایت سالفر اسپرینگز، مونتانا,白硫磺泉镇 46.54828 -110.90216 P PPLA2 US MT 059 910 1537 1534 America/Denver 2017-03-09
5740898 milton-freewater Milton-Freewater Freewater,Milton,Milton-Freewater,Milton-Friuateh,Milton-Frivoter,Miltun-Frijuotur,myltwn frywtr,Милтон-Фривотер,Милтон-Фриуатэ,Милтън-Фрийуотър,ميلتون فريوتر,میلتونفری واتر، اورگن 45.93263 -118.38774 P PPL US OR 059 7035 318 318 America/Los
Angeles 2017-03-09
5814095 Tumwater Tumwater Des Chutes,Falls River,New Market,Spa-kwatl,Tamvoter,Tumuoter,Tumuotur,Tumvoter,Tumwater,Tumwater Falls,ta mu wo te,tam watr washyngtn,tam watr washynqtwn,tamuuota,twmwatyr,Тамвотер,Тумвотер,Тумуотер,Тъмуотър,تام واتر، واشینقتون,تام واتر، واشینگتن,تومواتير,タムウォーター,塔姆沃特 47.00732 -122.90931 P PPL US WA 067 19190 53 53 America/Los
Angeles 2017-03-09
5815184 Waterville Waterville Jumper s Flat,Uoturvil,Votervil,Waterville,wo te wei er,wwtrfyl,Вотервил,Уотървил,ووترفيل,沃特維爾 47.64708 -120.07118 P PPLA2 US WA 017 1171 800 798 America/Los
Angeles 2017-03-09
5837593 Saratoga Saratoga Place of Magic water,SAA,Saratoga,asrtwwga waywmyng,sa la tuo jia,saratwgha,Саратога,Саратоґа,اسرتووگا، وایومینگ,ساراتوغا,萨拉托加 41.45496 -106.80643 P PPL US WY 007 1677 2068 2073 America/Denver 2017-03-09
7257804 Central Waterford Central Waterford Central Waterford,Central Waterford CDP,Central Waterford Census Designated Place 41.34504 -72.12948 P PPL US CT 180 80280 2887 23 29 America/New
York 2024-05-21
7261592 Lake marcel-stillwater Lake marcel-stillwater Lake marcel-stillwater, Lake marcel-stillwater CDP,Lake marcel–stillwater, Lejk marsel-stilvoter, Lejk-Marsel-Stillvoter,lak marsyl stylwatr,lyk marsl-astylwatr, lyk marsl-astylwatr washynqtwn,Лейк-Марсел-Стиллвотер,Лейк-Марсел-Стіллвотер,Лејк Марсел-Стилвотер,لاك مارسيل ستيلواتر,لیک مارسل-استیلواتر,لیک مارسل-استیلواتر، واشینقتون,لیک مارسل-وٹل واٹر، واشنگٹن 47.69263 -121.91513 P PPL US WA 033 1277 91 101 America/Los
Angeles 2011-05-14
7315302 Bluewater Village Bluewater Village 35.22716 -107.98313 P PPL US NM 006 628 2086 America/Denver 2017-03-10
7315332 springwater Hamlet springwater Hamlet 42.63499 -77.59642 P PPL US NY 051 70475 549 301 America/New
York 2017-05-23
7728583 Cordry Sweetwater Lakes Cordry Sweetwater Lakes Cordry Sweetwater Lakes,Kordraj Svitvoter Lejks,Kordri-Svitvoter-Lejks,ke de e si wei te wo te hu,Кордрај Свитвотер Лејкс,Кордри-Свитвотер-Лейкс,Кордрі-Світвотер-Лейкс,کوردری سویتواتر لیکس,کوردری سویتواتر لیکس، ایندیانا,科德略斯威特沃特湖 39.30464 -86.11837 P PPL US IN 013 30528 1128 280 284 America/Indiana/Indianapolis 2017-05-23
8299576 bridgewater Bridgewater bridgewater 40.60079 -74.64815 P PPL US NJ 035 07720 44464 57 America/New
York 2017-05-23
8480031 Waterford Waterford Central Waterford,Vaterford,Voterford,sentrala vatarapharda, Ватерфорд,Вотерфорд,واٹرفورڈ، کنیکٹیکٹ,सेन्ट्रल वाटरफर्ड 41.3417 -72.13597 P PPL US CT 180 80280 19281 9 15 America/New
York 2024-05-21
981802 louterwater Louterwater louterwater -33.80009 23.66382 P PPL ZA 05 DC10 EC109 5785 670 Africa/Johannesburg 2024-01-20
997373 Hartswater Hartswater Hartswater -27.74964 24.79712 P PPLA3 ZA 08 DC9 NC094 0 1125 Africa/Johannesburg 2012-07-12
12718854 Raaswater Raaswater -28.59337 21.1906 P PPL ZA 08 DC8 NC083 3352 783 Africa/Johannesburg 2024-01-18
Ancient Egypt ‘Egypt,’ as the Greek historian Herodotus noted, ‘is the gift of the Nile.’ Egyptian civilization %vas already some three thousand years old when Herodotus visited the country c440 Bc, but his statement had long been true. The annual flooding of the Nile carried fresh soil onto the fields that bordered it, saving them from exhaustion. Nile water was also diverted to irrigate the crops, an essential expedient in a country where rain seldom fell. Finally, the Nile served as a highway linking the villages strung along its narrow valley for nearly a thousand miles from the Delta to the First Cataract. By c3000 this long ribbon of cultivated and populous territory had been brought under the control of a single ruler, the Pharaoh. Some three centuries later the pharaohs of the 4th Dynasty commanded sufficient resources and techniques to erect the pyramids. These enormous tombs (designed to preserve the pharaohs’ mummified bodies) and the inscriptions, works of art, jewelry, and furniture discovered in their secret chambers reflect the rich and orderly civilization achieved in the Nile Valley by c2700. agriculture, weaving, pottery making, wood and metal work, geometry, engineering, medicine, and hieroglyphic writing had become specialized skills. Egyptian history from cS500 to c500 may be divided into five periods. 1) Between c3500 and c2700 the scattered villages, united first into an Upper Kingdom (the river settlements) and a Lower Kingdom (the Delta communities) , were combined into a single realm. 2) The Old Kingdom dius formed, with its capital at Memphis, enjoyed a period of great splendor and artistic achievement which endured some 500 years, c2700-c2200.
General Economy Agriculture. Early peoples were skillful shepherds, farmers; well-irrigated fields yielded vegetables, grain, dates, olives, vineyards, fruit orchards; most domesticated animals now known were worked in early period; cattle were bred; oxen joined to plough; elephant may have been tamed in India, where water buffalo were used and domestic fowl believed to have originated; linen, flax, and cotton produced in Egypt; many varieties of fruits and grains grown in Fertile Crescent. Commerce. Trade developed when unfavorable agricultural conditions existed or need arose to dispose of surplus products; babylonians were early businessmen and traders; trade with Egypt flourished by 2700; phoenicians left rocky terrain for the sea cl 500; traded in metals, glass, ivory, purple dyes; bought raw materials, metals, and slaves from Lebanese in return for wool; phoenicians credited with first organized slave trade; Cretans traded their pottery, textiles, and metal goods with Egypt in 2d millennium bc; iron, tin, and silver from western Europe supplied the eastern Mediterranean; carried largely by phoenicians, leading merchant sailors by 1200; later by Greeks; silk, known in China as early as 3d millennium, carried overland to India, cl 500, later to Middle East. Finance. Barter the first universal method of exchange; gold and silver came into use at an early date; in China copper coins replaced cowrie shells as the principal measure of value; babylonians and Assyrians excellent financiers; used clay tablets; established business forms, including contracts, letters of credit, commercial loans, and receipts; taxes and rates of interest were regulated.
Ionian Science MILESIAN SCHOOL. Thales. First Greek mathematician and astronomer; journeyed to Egypt; learned geometry and Babylonian astronomy; attempted to devise method of scientific investigation; assumed unified character of all things, with water basic element of all matter; nature could be understood by reason; discovered how to calculate distance of ship at sea from observations taken from two points on land; estimated height of pyramid from length of its shadow. Anaximander. Philosopher-scientist; posited principles of natural law; anticipated evolutionary theories; suggested man adapted to environment; law of eternal motion; believed first to make a map; deduced moon shone by reflected light. Anaximenes. Philosopher-scientist; last of Milesian school; air basic substance of universe; believed earth shaped like round table or flat disc floating encompassed by air; influenced Pythagoras. Pylhagoras. Great mathematician; postulated number as essence of all things; founder of pythagorean school. Pythagoreans. Believed center of universe great ball of fire; earth, planets revolved about fixed point; credited with laying groundwork for Euclidian geometry; defined fundamental postulates and theorems; founded theoretical medicine.
MUSIC Greece Music was integral part of lyric poetry, tragic and comic drama, choral dancing, and song: relationship of music and drama, similar to modern opera; manuscript fragment of choral stasimon (stationary chorus) from euripides’ Orestes, rare example of notation: complexity of tone intervals required performance by highly skilled singers: text used by chorus in hellenistic age became less essential to movement of drama; important in conveying mood. Timotheus. c446-c357. Poet, musician of Miletus; celebrated for elaborate, complex innovations; added string to dthara; taught Euripides ‘new music.’, aristoxenus of Tarentum. fl. 4th century; foremost musical theorist; systematized, with Euclid, scales, transposition; Elements of Harmony; Elements of Rhythm. Two scliools of music existed; Phrygian, associated with Dionysus, using the aulos (double-flute or pipe), represented emotional, exciting quality of music; Dorian, the music of Apollo, using the cithara and lyre, simple, restrained melody in sharp contrast to Phrygian mode, latter gained in popularity despite disapproval of Plato and Socrates. Scales. Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian; each with ethical meaning; ethos, emotional power of melodies according to scales; Dorian, virile, energetic; Phrygian, ecstatic, religious; Lydian, effeminate, delicate. Instruments. Lyre, national instrument; cithara; magadis (harplike with ‘trumpet-like’ tone); auloi (pipes or flute, though more like modern oboe); syrinx (pipes of Pan); tympanon (hand drum); kfotola (wood or metal castanets); hydraulus (water organ) invented 2d century. Last popular among Romans, who also played tibia (pipe or bagpipe), tt/6a (trumpet), buccina (trombone) and tympanum, scabillum, cymbali, systrum, crotola, all percussion instruments.
fl. 3rd century; Wonders of the World ■ Improved common tools ■ Waterwheel used to produce power
through cross-breeding during Han rule. India la^ed behind China and the Roman Empire in transportation. It is significant that from the earliest times the most densely populated areas remained the valleys of the Ganges and the Indus and the seacoast provinces, all of which had water transportation. The question of communication between the civilized regions of the Old World is one of great interest. Wide
dioscorides, Pedacius of Cilicia. Greek physician; considered ‘father of pharmacy’; authoritative work on materia medica; systematic list of remedies. Pappus of Alexandria. Greek matliematician; author. Collection, best historical account of classical achievements in mathematics: discussed curves of double quadrature, focus of parabola, involution of points; problem of geometrical loci starting point for later research; led to analytical geometry. Diophantus of Alexandria. Greek matliematician; referred to as ‘father of algebra’; great treatise, arithmetica, first important ivork on algebra; introduced algebraic notation, many symbols; solution of cubic equation (not repeated until work of Tartaglia, Cardan) : analytical methods. Vitruvius (Marcus Vitruvius Pollio), n. reign of Augustus. Great engineer, architect, author, De architectura (10 vols.); outstanding Latin work on classical architecture; encyclopedia of physical and technical knowledge of Augustan Age; contained concrete information on construction of windmills, wheels for measuring distance, windlasses, cranes, worked by human treadmill, system of pulleys, mills, mortars, devices for raising water, ‘steelyard, ’ balancing instrument, ‘groma’ survey device. Solinus, Gaius Julius. Geographer, historian; author, collectanea rerum memorabilium, better known as Wonders of the World; history of major regions; account of religious and natural miracles associated with each area in folklore: pseudo-scientific; very popular; revised (6th century); used extensively by later compilers, especially Isidore of Seville. Technology. Romans improved common tools: saw, ax, drill, plow; waterw’heel used to produce power; development in metliod of glass-making brought glass into common usage; lanterns with glass panes known by 5th century; street lighting first introduced in Antioch; metal used for wires and hollow pipes; catapults, slings, battering rams invented earlier.
Romon Empire Architecture. Rome’s distinctive contributions were: development of the arch, dome, vault; monumental, secular utilitarian buildings, including baths, amphitheaters, triumphal arches, stadiums, forums, palaces, courthouses, libraries, apartment houses, and shops; clarity of form, simplicity yet grandeur of design. 1st Century. Pont du Gard, Nimes, beautiful early aqueduct; used principle of gravity; lower arcli supported bridge, upper series supported water channel. Colosseum. Huge amphitheater for public entertainment, gladiatorial contests; vast concrete bowl raised upon tiers of arches; seated 50,000 spectators; popular, imposing ruin. 2nd Century. Rome’s greatest period; Forum of Trojan, completed 113; uniquely Roman conception, forum was a civic project; based on unified plan of related structures and courtyards; large paved quadrangle, approached through triple archway, flanked by two arched colonnades; adjacent to square was Basilica Ulpia, rectangular hall of polychrome marble; double outside colonnades of red granite, -white marble capitals; balcony above, second tier of columns supporting roof beams; semicircular apses at either end housed courts; two libraries, one for Greek and one for Latin books. Baths. Trajan, Caracalla, and Diocletian; public buildings providing hot, cold, and tepid swimming pools, dressing rooms, g) mnasiums, lecture halls, libraries, art galleries witli statuarj and murals; cross vaulting in Baths of Trajan earliest known use of concrete; method permitted spanning of larger spaces, increasing light; influenced later arcliitecturcapartment Houses. Rome had almost 50,000 multiple dwellings by -Itli century; stairways led from shops on ground floor to living quarters above.
585, 607-08 Grand Canal linked waterways
Europe FRANKS. Adoption of successful vioslem cavalry method of mounted oldiers revolutionized society; solidiled feudal system; established military service as upper class privilege; Charles Martel increased number of horsemen by making land grants; cultivated self-sufficiency around villa or manor; continued through feudal era. NORSEMEN. scandinavian seafarers made daring, far-ranging expeditions in swiftest ships of time; propelled by both sails and oars; established trading settlements at Novgorod, Kiev; given dukedom in France (Normandy); capital at Rouen, one of busiest, most beautiful cities in country; explored, settled Iceland, Greenland; crossed Atlantic under Leif Ericson, 1 0th century. ITALY. Venetian Commerce. flourishing trade with Byzantine Empire; Venice assumed leadership of country; large fleet of armed galleys, powerful aristocracy of mercliants. Byzantine Empire Code of Justinian. Greatest achievement; systematized Roman law; compact form made knowledge and duplication practical; four works, known as Corpus Juris Civilis, compiled by Tribonian and leading jurists; included: Code, brought Roman law up to date; Digest, leading legal opinions of Roman jurists; Institutes, introductoiy textbook and discussion of principles; Supplement, addition of subsequent laws; basis of European and American legal and political systems. Commerce. Under Justinian, famous Byzantine silks, produced in constantinople, superseded Chinese product; for 500 years, Byzantium most prosperous, civilized state of Europe and western Asia; dominated economic life around eastern mediterranean, Black Sea; provided stimulus to European trade; expanded into Africa; with decline in maritime commerce following Moslem conquests, overland trade routes through Asia Minor substituted; merchants from nortlicrn countries used water routes. neOCS TOUOWCu; anu 1.. wo
America During this period the New Empire of the Mayan people had its finest flowering in northern Yucatan. A league of three city states (chichdnitza, Mayapan, and Uxmal) maintained order and prosperity, and Mayan art and architecture reached new levels of achievement. By 1200, however, this Mayan civilization began to fall under the influence of the Toltecs of Mexico; Toltec garrisons occupied some of the cities and local rivalries and struggles brought a weakening and finally a decline of the Mayan Empire. By 1250 a new people, the Aztecs, had established themselves on the Mexican plateau. They assimilated the culture developed by earlier peoples there and borrowed some Mayan techniques. Their influence expanded steadily. Farther north the Pueblo culture reached its height in these centuries. Its most advanced centers were situated in the area between the headwaters of the Rio Grande and the lower Colorado rivers. In the Andean region of South America the Incas began to extend their influence over the peoples already established there, whose culture was almost as advanced as that of the Mayas. By 1250 the Inca conquests, spreading out from their capital at Cuzco and the shores of Lake Titicaca, embraced most of the area of present-day Peru. The Incas consolidated their conquests by constructing roads, encouraging agriculture, and resettling troublesome groups in new areas where they could be more easily watched and controlled.
Western Europe Technology. Water wheels, introduced earlier, used by llth century to grind flour, move forge bellows, operate saws, pump water; windmills first appeared, late 12th century; early ones, horizontal axles with sails; popular on plains of northwestern Europe where water power was inadequate; wheelbarrow introduced, late 12 th century. Bridges. Benezet, member of order of Fr^res Pontifes, travelers’ aid society, bridge-builder group, credited with famed bridge at Avignon, 117886; Barathieri designed Rialto, Venice, 1178; London Bridge rebuilt in stone, 1176-1209; begun by Peter of Colechurch, priest-engineer; completed by Isemburt, trained under Benezet, Gothic Cathedrals. Monuments of engineering skill; development of glass industry through chemical experimentation made possible magnificent stained glass windows of cathedrals. ITALY. Leonardo of Pisa (fibonacci) Foremost mathematician of Middle Ages; scholar chiefly influential in introduction of Arabic numerals into Europe; author. Liber abaci (Book of the Abacus), 1202; important use of zero; long standard work on algebra and arithmetic; Practica geomelriae, 1220, expanded existing knowledge of geometry and trigonometry; known for ‘fibonacci series.’ constantine the African. Earliest reputable translator of Moslem medicine into Latin; believed born in Carthage; worked in Salerno with Italian physicians, teaching them medicine of Islam; retired to benedictine monastery. Others. Roger of Salerno (cl 180) performed cranial operation; Roland of Parma (cl 250) operated on ruptured lung; Hugh of Lucca (cl 170cl240), Theodoric of Bologna (cl 20588) established famed medical, surgical school, Bologna,
fl. 1299-1303 Kuo Shou-ching-r-1231-1316 water-power applied to silk working machines,
Wu Chen. 1280-1354. Hermit master of Yuan Dynasty; poet-painter whose poems were an integral part of compositions; landscapes have old, gnarled trees, bare hills, and rugged rocks; master of light and shade; dry brush technique, using mosslike dots. Ch ien Hsuan. 1235-90. Last of old Academy scliool of painters; flowers, birds. Kuan Tao-jfh, Lady. Sung literary painter of bamboos, plum blossoms, orchids, and rocks in black ink; famed woman artist. JAPAN. Mincho. Artist of Muromadii Period; Zen Buddhist priestpainter at Tofukuji monastery, Kyoto; achieved fame witir set of 50 religious paintings, each of which depicts 10 Rakan (wise men); technique impres-, sionistic, despite subject matter; innovator in use of color, broadness of style, and use of thick watercolor as medium for painting. Mokuan. Priest-painter; worked in China during Yuan Dynasty and studied Zen Buddhism; master of suiboku art; first great sumi-e or ink paintings by a Japanese artist; gained recognition in China and died tliere. Takashina Takakane. Painted 20 scrolls on silk, kasugd-gongen-reikenki, 1309, illustrating miracles whidr had occurred at famous Kasuga shrine. Bompo. 1348-C1420. Known for ink. monochrome paintings of orchids; influenced by Chinese artist, Hsiiehch’uang. Myotaku. 1307-88. Zen priest; paintings of Fudo in ink outline. ‘Golden Pavilion of Kinkauji built at Kyoto, 1397. America Aztecs built capital, tenodititlan, with magnificent sculpture as part of architecture.
collected tribute without difficulty, the Chinese did not follow up these I5tli century ventures. By the century s dose the Portuguese had rounded the Cape of Good Hope and invaded the waters die Qiincse had abandoned. Tlie European voyages at die close of the 15th century opened a new age in global history. For the fin: time western Europe assumed a primary role in the world, drama,
Global perspectives The land areas of the globe comprise less than 30 per cent of its surface. The two largest land masses, Eurasia (nearly 21 million square miles) and Africa (over 11 million square miles) are linked by a land bridge at the Isthmus of Suez. The third and fourth largest. North America (over 8 million square miles) and South America (nearly 7 million square miles) are likewise joined by a narrow land bridge, the Isthmus of Panama. These evident facts are stressed because of the important influence they have had on human communication. In distant times a third land link existed and joined Asia to North America at Bering Strait: this 56-mile strait is still less than 300 feet deep. Until recent centuries the oceans formed a major barrier to human and animal migration. The inland seas were navigated first, and primitive men learned to venture along the coasts of the continents. But the great ocean spaces apparently remained unexplored until some 5 centuries ago. This supposition implies that the civilizations of the Old World and the New arose independently. The paleolithic hunters who peopled the Americas from Asia must, in these circumstances, have paralleled some 3000 years later the steps by which the peoples of the Old World evolved an urban culture, compiled a calendar, and invented symbols for writing. It is impossible to prove that no contacts existed and no exchange of knowledge or techniques occurred. On the contrary, there is evidence that ocean voyages of considerable length did occur from paleolithic times. Australia, New Zealand, and many far-flung islands of the Pacific were discovered and occupied before the Europeans visited them. These feats of navigation by primitive peoples make it difficult to reject the possibility that other voyages besides the Vikings may have touched American shores before Columbus set sail. The Emropeans owed their conquest of the oceans to improved technology. By the 15th century, ships had been developed with stempost rudders and sails that permitted them to tack against the wind. They were of sufficient size and could be managed by it small enough crews that they could carry food and fresh water for long voyages. The compass and compass card kept them on course. Gunpowder and cannon protected them from attack. The Europeans invented none of
1 600 First waterworks in London
Middle East OTTOMAN EMPIRE. The Turkish naval posver in the mediterranean suffered a severe defeat when a Christian fleet (Spanish, Venetian, and papal vessels) destroyed an Ottoman fleet off Lepanto (navpactos) , in Greek waters (1571). Despite heavy losses the Turks speedily rebuilt their navy. On their eastern frontier, they warred with Persia and occupied mesopotamia, but their success there declined as Shah Abbas the Great (15871629) strengthened the Persian army. Asia INDIA. Akbar (1556-1605) greatest of tlie Mogul emperors, reunited northern India, won Bengal from the Afghans, and conquered Gujarat. His tolerant religious policy reconciled his non-Moslem subjects. CHINA. The reign of the Ming emperor Shen Tsung (1573-1620) was marked by high scholarship and culture, but the Ming Dynasty, like others before it, was beginning to lose energy. Attacks by the Mongols in the nortlmest and of the Japanese in Korea were repelled with difficulty. Christian missionaries (Matteo Ricci) Avere tolerated but made relatively few converts. The Christian claims to exclusive religious truth alienated Chinese thinkers %vho tolerated various beliefs. Tibetan Buddhism gained ground (the Mongols recognized the Dalai Lama as the ‘universal’ lama) JAPAN. Trade and piracy made the Japanese powerful in the 16th century, and the years from 1568 to 1600 brought closer political integration. Nagasaki, opened to foreign trade, became a leading center. Hideyoshi, a successful general, succeeded (15821598) in unifying Japan, and decided (1597) to expel the Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries as trouble-makers.
•^ALY, Porta, giambattista dello. Physicist; credited ■with inventing camera obscura, described in Magiae naturalis (Natural Magic), 1569; founder, scientific group called Accademia Secretorum Naturae, Naples; exponent of esoteric experimentation. Eustachi, Bartolomeo. Anatomist; described many structures of human body, including eustacliian tube of ear, adrenal glands, thoracic duct, uterus, kidneys; investigated structure, development of teeth; Tabulae ariatomwae, 1552, remarkable set of anatomical drawings (pub. 1714). caesalplnus, Andreas (cesalpino) Physician, botanist; chief work, De planlis, 1583, first classification of plants according to their fruits; first systematic scheme of botanical classification (so considered by Linnaeus); ahead of his time with tlieory of blood circulation. Fallopius (Gabriele Fallopio) 152362. Anatomist: pupil, successor to Vesalius, Padua; discovered Fallopian tubes. FRANCE. Palissy, Bernard, cl 510c89. \Yrote important work on fossil remains of fishes and shells, 1580, concluding that places ivhere fossils were found had once been covered by sea or fresh water, a step toward rational geology. Rondelet, Guillaume. 1507-66. Naturalist, knorvn especially for studies of fish of mediterranean waters. Asia CHINA. Li Shih-chen. \Vrote outstanding scientific work of Ming period, Pen Tshao Kang Mu, 1578 (pub. 1596); described pharmaceutical value of 1,000 plants and 1,000 animals; discussed distillation, smallpox inoajlation, use of mercury and iodine; 8,000 prescriptions; illustrated with 1,100 woodcuts. Sung Ying-hsing. Wrote T/tien Kung Khai IFw, technological treatise^ describing everytype of manufacturing process.
{ISlS-iS ) as car. Bussian colonists v ho hod been penetrating Siberia for a century reached the Pcdfic. The Ottoman (Turkish) Empire began a long decline. The Mogul Empire continued to dominate northern India while Dutch and English traders largely supplanted the Portuguese in East Indian waters. The Ming xulem of China were threatened by the advance of Manchurian tribes and supplanted (1644) by the Ch ing (Monchu) Dynasty. Japan expelled European traders and missionaries and isolated itself. In America the English settled in Virginia (Jamestown, 1607) and massachusetts (Plymouth, 1620), while the French made good their claim to the St. Lawrence region, founding ejoehee (1608) and Montreal (1642). The Dutch settled in the Hudson Valley and also ciiemptcd to wrest BraiU from the Portuguese but were subsequently expelled from both areas.
Central Europe GERMANY. Kepler, Johannes. Astronomer; influenced by Copernicus; author, Mysterium cosmographicam, 1596; de cometis; Harmonice mundi (Harmony of the World); Diotrice, 1611, foundation of modern optics; Rudolphine Tables, 1627, last important work, remained standard for century. Schetner, Christoph. Astronomer, mathematician: observations of sunspots, published 1612, led to controversy with Galileo; made over 2,000 observations of sun, {Rosa ursina, 1630); pioneer research on physiology of vision, O cuius, 1619. Guericke, Otto von. Physicist, noted for study of pneumatics; first air pump, 1650; invented machine to generate electricity. Glauber, Johann. Alchemist; made practical advances in analytical chemistry; work in metallurgy, distillation; anticipated modern concepts of chemical affinity and decomposition; prepared chemical compounds. BELGIUM. Helmonf, Jon, Physician, chemist; originated word gas to designate aeriform fluids; regarded water as prime element; discovered carbon dioxide; important influence on Sylvius. NETHERLANDS. Snellios, Willebrord (Snell) Mathematician; discovered law of refraction, 1621; invented triangulation, eratoslhemes Batavus, 1617; cyctometricus, 1621. Drebbet, Cornells van. Invented first navigable submarine, 1620; reputed inventor of optical instruments and improved thermometer. Asia CHINA. Chu Tsai-yu wrote To Lu Ch’iian Shu (Collected Works on Music and Acoustics), published cl 610, showing that the intervals for an equal-tempered scale are found by taking the 12th root of 2. Hsu fCwan-eh i. Author of Nung Cheng Ch uan Shu (encyclopedia of agriculture), 1640, with excellent woodcut illustrations.
tlie southern frontier from the Caucasus to the Sea of Japan. 4. Deficiencies. Russia was still seriously handicapped in the IStli century by the severity of its climate and the lack of transportation (‘our greatot enemy is space’) Other handicaps were the ignorance and illiteracy oj tlie masses, the incfficicnc) of an agri cultural s)’stem operated by serf labor, tlie lack of warm-water pons, the ab
America BRITISH COLONIES. With the Peace of Utreclit the British took a long stride towards ultimate domination of North America. recognition of dieir claims to the Hudson Bay region, newfoundland, and Acadia (Nova Scoti.a) endangered New France to which the St. Lawrence River was an essential waterway. Ttventy years later (1733) the establishment of a new British colony (Georgia), in the disputed territory between the Carolinas and Spanish Florida, brought the total to thirteen. In 1754 Georgia became a royal colony. FRENCH COLONIES. Aside from the fur trade Canada proved of little profit to France, and the tvhite population in the French West Indies (guadeloupe, Martinique, western Haiti) exceeded that of New France in tlie early 18th century. Efforts to secure French hold on Louisiana and the mississippi Valley led to the foundation of Mobile (1711) and New Orleans (1718). Farther north the French extended their posts around the Great Lakes and La Wrendrye explored what is now midwestern Canada and the Missouri basin (173142) The indecisive struggle of 174048, in whidi British colonial forces captured Louisbourg, only to see it restored to France in 1748, sharpened the anglo-french rivalry. SPANISH AMERICA. British assaults on Spanish colonies in the conflicts of 1701-13 and 1739-48 had little success. Plans for the capture of La Guaira, Cartagena, Porto Bello, and Saint Augustine all miscarried, and of 6 ships dispatclied around Cape Horn (1740) to attack Spanish commerce and colonies in the Pacific only 1 returned.
Western Europe ENGLAND. Maclaurin, Colin. Scottish mathematician, natural philosopher; outstanding, versatile scientist; authority on tides, fiuxional calculus. Treatise on Fluxions, 1742, and conception of level surfaces; Treatise on Algebra, published, 1748. Taylor, Brook. Mathematician; known for Taylor s theorem, complex mathematical formula on functions, and basis of differential calculus; Linear perspective, 1715, first expounded principle of vanishing points; work on center of oscillation, 1708, published later. Hauksbee, Francis. Physicist; believed to have invented first electrical macliine, 1706; determined relative weights of air and water; experimentalist. Hales, Stephen. Physiologist; made first measure of blood pressure; work with plants on transpiration, root pressure, circulation of sap, and relationship between green plants and air; advanced chemistry by improved methods of handling gases; observed gas can exist free or combined. Hartley, David. Founder, associational psychology; author. observations on Man (2 vols.) 1749, explaining all mental phenomena as due to sensations arising from vibrations of white medullary substance of brain and spinal cord; whole mind consequence of associations of simple sensations. Newcomen, Thomas. Inventor of atmospheric steam engine, 1705; worked
with Savery who had similar patent. Gray, Stephen, d. 1736. First to divide substances into electrics and nonelectrics; discovered static electricity can be transferred from one body to another by contact. Moivre, Abraham de. 1667-1754. french-english mathematician; contributed to trigonometry and law of probabilities; mathematical theorems. Others. Lady Mary Wortley Montague introduced smallpox inoculation, 1708; John Harrison invented shin chronometer, pridiron nendu
A growing opposition to mercantilism resulted in the development of new economic theories. Quesnay, leader of the physiocrats, under the influence of the popular concept of natural law. suggested that commerce be liberated from state interference, proposed a single tax, and stressed the need for the protection of individual rights in economy and society. Adam Smith s great classic. Wealth of NaUons. established the influenUal doctrine of laissez-faire. New canals facilitated inland transportation and stimulated commerce. technological developments, such as Hargreaves spinning jenny, Arkwright s water frame, Crompton s mule, Cartwright s power loom. Watt s steam engine, and Whitney s cotton gin, heralded the industrial revolution.
ENGLAND. Cavendish, Henry. Chemist; first to recognize tme nature of hydrogen; discovered water results from union of hydrogen and oxygen; composition of nitric acid; anticipated researcli in electricity of Coulomb and Faraday; used ‘inch of electricity’ as unit of measurement; devised experiment for measuring density of the e-irdi, 1798. Hcrschel, Friedrich (Sir William). Astronomer; discovered planet Uranus, 1781; laid foundations of modern physical astronomy; determined a motion of the solar system as a whole toward a point in constellation Hercules; catalogued 800 double stars and more than 2,000 nebulae; founder of sidereal science. Black, Joseph. Scottish cliemist, physician; knotvn for theories of latent heat, specific heat; discovered fixed air’ (carbon dioxide). Hutton, James. Scottish geologist; fundamental idea that past can be explained by present; A Theory of Earth, 1785, turning point in geology. Priestley, Joseph. Chemist; father of pneumatic cliemistry; discovered ’dcpidogisticated air,’ later named oxygen by Lavoisier, 1774; discovered nitric oxide, and decomposition of ammonia by electricity, 1781. Romford, Count Benjamin Thompson. american-british scientist known for heat theory based on movement of particles; a founder. Royal Institute. Hunter, John. Scottish anatomist, surgeon; pioneer, comparative anatomy and morphology; introduced new surgical techniques, including ligature. Jenner, Edward. Physician; inoculation against smallpox; promoted new science of preventive medicine. Watt, James. 1736-1819. Scottish meclianical engineer, inventor; knoxvn for improvements on steam engine; invented modern condensing steam engine, 1765. Edwards, George. 1693-1773. Father of ornithology; History of Birds, 1743-51.
Western Europe SPAIN. Goya y tucienfes, Francisco Jos6 de. Great master; court painter; exceptional portraits, penetrating characterizations; jewel-like color; Maja paintings celebrated; extraordinary etchings, lithographs, wash drawings; La Caprichos (The Caprices), political, social satire of intense power; important influence. ENGLAND. Reynolds, Sir Joshua. Extremely successful portrait artist; president, Royal Academy; leading figure in art and literary circles. gainsborough, Thomas. Portrait and landscape artist; influenced by Dutch; one of first to depict English landscape; direct, simple style. Blake, William. Unique artist, poet, mystic; famous for etchings on copper plates; exquisite water colors; primarily biblical subjects. Adam, Robert, and James Adam, 1730-94. Scottish architects, brothers; designed and built many important structures; Robert created classical style for interior d<5cor and furniture. chippendale, Thomas. cl718-79. Cabinetmaker; furniture designer. hepplewhite, George, d. 1786. cabinetmaker, furniture designer. Sheraton, Thomas. 1751-1806. Furniture designer; author. Wedgwood, Josiah. 1730-95. One of greatest English potters; pieces in museums; worked for Catherine of Russia. Brown, Lancelot. 1715-83. Founder, naturalistic sclrool of landscape design. ITALY. Tiepolo, Giovanni. Venetian artist; known for pen and wash drawings; influenced Goya, German art; famed for frescoes used as interior decorations. Guardi, Francesco. 1712-93. Venetian; famed ^phic artist; knorvn for brilliant, colorful pageants. Piranesi, Giovanni. 1720-78. Architect. engraver; arcliitectural designs known for accuracy and grandeur; famous for engravings of buildings and momimcms of ancient and modem Rome; Caceri plates. longhi, Pietro (Falca). 1702-85. Venetian; vivadous genre paintings.
1815; The Hundred Days; Waterloo; exile. Saint Helena; death
During the first fifteen years of the 19th century Napoleon kept Europe in turmoil Hs ambitious exploits dazzling his friends and dismaying his enemies. Having restored Francs to order after a decade of revolutionary excess, he extended his sway over most of Euroo by defeating successive coalitions. But the pressure of British sea power, guerilla reshtance in Spain, and a reckless invasion of Russia (1812) hastened the collapse of his international empire (1813). When Paris fell (1814) he abdicated and was exiled to Elbohis escape and return to France for the Hundred Days was a last flight of the eagle thot ended at Waterloo (1815). This time he was exiled to Saint Helena where ho died (1821). The restoration Settlement ratified by the Congress of Vienna (1814-15) was a conservative attempt to safeguard Europe ageunst further republicanism and revolution. The four victorious powers
Eostern Europe RUSSIA. During the early years of the French Revolution Russia remained neutral. Czar Paul I (17961801) joined the 2nd Coalition (1798) but lost faith in his allies (Austria and Britain) and withdrew (1799). Bonaparte tvas seeking an accord with Russia when Paul was assassinated (1801). Alexander I (1801-25), Paul’s son, rejoined Austria and Britain in the 3rd Coalition (1805-06). The army Napoleon had assembled at Boulogne to threaten Britain was hurled against the Austrians and Russians instead (Battles of Ulm and Austerliu) and Austria made peace (Pressburg, 1805). Prussia (with Russian encouragement) then declared war on France and was defeated (1806). Napoleon sought out the Russians (Eylau and Friedland, 1807) met Alexander at Tilsit, and made a francorussian alliance. Austria rebelled in 1809 but was defeated. napoleon’s plans for recreating Poland alienated Alexander, and Napoleon marclied on Moscow (1812) but lost most of his army. In 1813-14 a 4th Coalition of the powers defeated him (Battle of the Nations), and he abdicated. His return from Elba for a ‘last flight of the Eagle’ ended at Waterloo (1815). At the Congress of Vienna (1814-15) the victors approved the return of the Bourbons to France (Louis XVHI) and Spain (Ferdinand VII). Austria, well represented by Mettemich, regained the leading influence in Italy and the Germanics (Germanic Confederation). Holland and Belgium were united as the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Russia kept Ffnland, and Sweden took Norway from Denmark. conservatism triumphed and tlie European balance of power was restored.
United States Westward expansion followed Louisiana Purchase, 1803, which doubled size of country and achieved control of mississippi River; by 1810, more than a million settlers had pushed across Alleghenies; road construction resulted in chartering of hundreds of turnpike companies; South Carolina, Georgia produced fourth of American cotton exports; 58 new state banks opened as business rise called for more credit; Embargo, nonintercourse Acts (protective tariffs) failed; economic boom resulted from exports to embattled Europe; and 2nd Bank chartered, 1816; by 1819, boom collapsed as U. S. shared world-wide depression; Land Law passed, 1820 (public lands.25 an acre), abolished credit system which had encouraged overpurchase of land with resulting price decline; Marshall decision, 1824, prohibited monopolies on interstate waters; Marbury vs. Madison, 1803, established principle of judicial review. Central and Eastern Europe GERMANY. Prussia undertook reforms guided by Baron vom Stein and Prince von Hardenberg, who reorganized civil service, reformed taxation and financial system, abolished serfdom; multiple tariff systems replaced by uniform system, and internal customs duties abolished, in attempt to free trade. RUSSIA. Law, 1803, permitted landlords to liberate serfs if they wished to do so; important cliiefly as first government move toward emancipation. Middle East Mohammed Ali, governor of Egypt, organized state monopolies of trade, introduced production of cotton and hemp, and developed irrigation system.
ENGLAND. Turner, Joseph. Great Romantic artist; outstanding seascapes; painting of Calais Pier, 1802, established fame; toward end of life, attempted to create atmosphere by experimenting with light and space; last period showed stronger color, freer and more personal expression; nature reflected emotion; watercolors, etchings. Constable, John. distinguished landscape artist; spans periods; concerned with truth of vision; one of first to paint from nature; Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop s Garden, 1826, considered masterpiece; acclaimed in Paris, 1824; influenced Delacroix. Barry, Sir Charles. 1795-1860. Architect; leader in use of Gothic style; known for westminster Palace (Houses of parliament) London, 1840-60, Pugin, Augustus. Architect, writer; important influence in Gothic Revival with The True Principles of Pointed or Christian architecture, 1841; worked under Sir Charles Barry on Houses of Parliament. Central Europe GERMANY. Rauch, Christian. Sculptor; influenced by Thorvaldsen; renowned for portraits, monuments; equestrian statue of Frederick the Great, portrait bust of Albrecht Diirer, masterpieces. Menzel, Adolph. Foremost lithographer; illustrator, painter; best known for 400 designs for wood blocks that illustrate Kugler’s History of Frederick the Great, 1840; amazing master of detail; illustrated works by Frederick the Great, Goethe, and Kleist; self-taught genre and historical painter; important as early example of modern approach to light and motion, eliminating anecdotal details; studies of industrial factories; pen and ink drawings.
Asia JAPAN. Hiroshige, Ando. Painter, world renowned print-maker; combined landscape motifs with genre painting, ancient scroll painting with modern realistic techniques; most important prints depicted landscapes, snow scenes, or rain, mist and moonlight; also noted for portrayal of powerful birds, fish, and delicate flowers; unusual knowledge of perspective. United States Cole, Thomas. Landscape artist; pioneer of Hudson River School; created dramatic yet lyrical mood, using romantic realism; early works expressed loneliness of untamed forests; In the Catskills, 1837, The Roman Campagna, 1843, masterpieces. Audubon, John James. Artist-naturalist; water color, crayon mixture best medium; known for studies of nature; published The Birds of America (4 vols.) 1827-38, Quadrupeds of America, 1845; though not great art or scientifically expert, works had charm and represented outstanding achievement. Bingham, George Caleb. Great frontier artist; original yet typical scenes of American life painted with dramatic simplicity; known for The Fur Traders Descending the Missouri, Raftsmen Playing Cards, The Jolly Flatboatmen. Sully, Thomas. Portrait painter; influenced by Stuart and West; historical paintings never equaled; portraits numbering almost 2,000; brilliant technique, but little emotional depth. Catlin, George. Western artist; known for paintings of -Indians and scenes of wild, untamed West. Peale, Rembrandt. Portrait artist; interesting graphics; influential. Mount, William S. 1807-68. Genre painter; studied only in America; exceptional technical skill; subtle lucidity. ^. Hicks, Edward. 1780-1849. Primitive (self-taught); Quaker preacher; famous for paintings of The Peaceable Kingdom, biblical theme of lion and lamb lying down together in peace.
Global perspectives The 3rd quarter of the 19th century was distinguished by a remarkable advance in the speed and safety of transportation and rapidity of communication. The economic, social, and political consequences proved so dynamic and far-reaching that this ‘transportation revolution’ might be considered the most general and fundamental trend of the period. Between 1850 and 1875 the world’s merchant fleet doubled from c9 million to cl 8 million gross tons, but only one-seventh of this shipping was steam-driven in 1875. By 1900 the world total had risen to 30 million tons and three-quarters was steamdriven. In other words, the steamship tonnage increased almost 10-fold in the last 25 years of the 19th century. Steam superseded sail because of the greater speed, safety, regularity, and economy of the steamship. Rising traffic made it expedient to construct some major canals. The ‘Soo Canals’ between lakes Superior and Huron (1857 and 1895) carried more tonnage than any other artificial waterway. The Suez Canal (1869) almost halved the shipping route from Europe to Asia. The Kiel Canal (1895) shortened the distance from the North to the Baltic Sea. The Panama Canal (1914) linked the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. At Suez and Panama modern engineering provided substitutes for the long-sought Northeast and Northwest Passage. On land the railroad introduced a comparable revolution in the same period. World railroad mileage, c25,000 in 1850, and cl 75,000 in 1875, rose 325,000 in the next quarter-century, reaching half a million miles by 1900. Speed in communication was likewise revolutionized. The first telegraph lines dated from the 1840’s, the first undersea cables from the 1850’s and 1860’s, the first telephone lines from the 1870’s. Sailing ships had often been delayed for days or even weeks by calms or by adverse winds. Steamships made dependable schedules possible. The 5week Atlantic passage of the early 19th century fell to 5 days in the early 20th. Faster ships also, meant that each could make more trips in a given time. This helps to explain why, with the world’s ship tonnage increasing 5-fold in the 19th century, the value of international trade could increase 20-fold. On land the steam engine speeded
Western Europe FRANCE. Manet, Edouard. Brilliant artist; extremely important as pioneer impressionist and plein-air painter; vigorous, dramatic effects gained by an economy of means; not interested in light as such, but achieved recession and depth by subtle use of color intensities rather than by linear perspective; influenced by Courbet, Velasquez, and Japanese prints introduced into Europe; gained only limited recognition during lifetime; best known works. The Guitarist, The Dead Toreador, The Picnic, Olympia, The Railroad, Boating. Daumier, Honore. Great lithographer, highly individual artist; chose Don Quixote and humble people as subjects; The Third Class Carriage, 1860’s. Courbet, Gustave. Objective Realist; important for direct, forceful rendition of nature; extreme individualist; fine portraits; The Meeting, The Woman with the Mirror, Spring Flowers. Corot, Jean Baptiste Camille. 17961875. outstanding figure studies painted late in life; A Young Woman, 1870, searching characterization. Millet, Jean Fransois. Romantic Realist; famed for peasant studies, considered revolutionary as subject matter; stability, movement, sympathy characterized work; The Gleaners, The Angelus, famous works. Daubigny, Charles. Landscape artist; atmospheric scenes of water. Barye, Antoine. distinguished sculptor; famed for wild animal studies. viollet-le-duc, Eugene. Architect, writer; exponent of Gothic revival; internationally known for restorations; wrote several art books which he illustrated. Dore, Gustave. Illustrator; imaginative, dramatic drawings for Divine Comedy, Don Quixote; successful. Carpeaux, Jean Baptiste. 1827-75. Baroque, classic sculptor; The Dance, at Paris Opera. Meryon, Charles. 1821-68.,. Etcher o£ incomparable tedinique; EauxFortes sur Paris, 1850-54, best-known ork.
Whistler, James McNeill. Highly individual decorative impressionist; influenced by Courbet, velasquez’ color, and Japanese; expatriate, living most of his life in England; known for ‘arrangements, ’ ‘symphonies, ’ and ‘nocturnes’; concerned primarily with color, form, and design, elegance of style; famous for arrangement in Grey and Black (his mother). Nocturne in Black and Gold, The Falling Rocket; portrait of Carlyle; Thames series of etchings. Eakins, Thomas. Objective Realist; interested in science; painted famous Clinic of Dr. Gross, made studies of arrested motion; unconventional, pessimistic interpretation of life; penetrating portraits; The Chess Players, Max Schmitt in a Single Scull.; Ryder, Albert. outstanding artist; grandeur of design; small canvases; luminosity, subtle color, depth of feeling; moonlight and sea predominate; highly imaginative, atmospheric; Toilers of the Sea, Death on a Pale Horse. Sargent, John Singer. distinguished portrait artist; brilliant treatment of texture; unimaginative, facile. Homer, Winslow. Objective Realist; late works outstanding; heroic studies of men at work; famed marines;, charming water colors; imaginative response to nature; The northeaster, The Fox Hunt, Breezing Up. Sullivan, Louis. Superior architect; important in evolution of modern architecture in U. S.; stressed princip e, that outward form should express function of building; ornamentation highly original; unrecognized by con
Central ond Eosiern Europe GERMANY. Kandinsky, Vasily. Great Russian abstract artist; worked in Germany and Paris; helped initiate German Expressionism; outstanding teacher at the Bauhaus; believed that art should reflect the abstract quality of absolute music; painted numbered, untitled improvisations, Compositions; author of influential The Art of Spiritual Harmony, 1910. Klee, Paul. Swiss artist; nonrepresentational abstract expression of nature, human values; subtle color; notable pen and ink drawings, water colors; stressed importance of creating with ‘innocent eye of a child.’ Gropius, Walter. Architect, artist; founder, designer of Bauhaus; creator of ‘functionalism’; highly influential. Nolde, Emil. 1867-1956. Expressionist: leader Die Brilcke^ (Bridge) group: interpreted folk tradition in terms of modern, individual expression. Marc, Franz. 1880-1916. Founder, with Kandinsky, Blaue Reiter (Blue Rider); colorful animal studies. Lehmbruck, Wilhelm. 1881-1919. expressionist sculptor, known for elongated figures. Grosz, George. 1893GermanAmerican artist; famed satirical pen and ink drawings of postwar Germany, in tradition of Goya and Daumier, NETHERLANDS. Mondrian, Piet. Leader of geometrical abstraction known as Neoplasticism; led group called De Stijl (Style) with Van Doesburg; influenced Bauhaus and international style of architecture, industrial design. Oud, Jacobus J. P. 1890Architect; De Stijl group. NORWAY. Munch, Edvard. Leading early Expressionist; powerful graphics. AUSTRIA. Kokoschka, Oscar,1886-. Expressionist; portraits, landscapes. RUSSIA. Chagall, Marc. 1887‘ : Expressionist: precursor. Surrealism; Paris school; fantasy; brilliant color. Malevich, Kasimir. 1878-1935. Suprematist; geometrical abstraction. ROMANIA. Brancusi, Constantin. 1876-1957. Abstract sculptor; Paris,,. :chnol..ij.,,.:,
United States Wright, Frank Lloyd. Great American architect; first to use open planning in houses, breaking from closed volume: flexible floor -plan with advancing, receding areas; important world influence, particularly with philosophy of architecture, many innovations; probably, most important contribution United States has made to world art. prendergast, Maurice. Landscape artist; impressionist; famed water colors; member, ‘The Eight’ or.‘Ashcan School’; group exhibited, 1908. Henri, Robert. Leader of ‘The Eight’; most important as teadier; emphasized technique not enough. Bellows, George. Member ‘Asiican School’; lithographer; strong works, interest in movement. Other members of ‘The Eight’; John Sloan, George Luks, William Glackens, Arthur Davies, Everett, Shinn, Reginald Marsh., Weber, Max. Versatile artist; studied in Paris; influenced by Cubists, expressionism; The Geranium, lOlh New York at Night, noted work. Marin, John. Famous waterrcolor artist; early work reflects Paris influence; Lower Manhattan, 1922. Feininger, Lybnel. Artist, illustrator; studied in Europe; taught at Bauhaus; semi-abstract, subtle color and design. Others: Joseph Stella, Italian futurist who worked in New York; Marsden Hartley, Man Ray, Walter Pach, Mor, ton Schamberg, Charles Sheeler, Alfred Maurer, Bernard Karfiol,, Maurice Sterne, Charles Demuth, Morgan Russell, Stanton Macdonald-Wright.. Asia JAPAN. Takeuchi Seiho. Attempted to introduce modern technique to Japanese painting; excellent sumi-fp (ink picture or ink monochrome), used fresh sense of color along light, delicate line. \, Yamamoto Kanae. Pioneer in new. movement of creative print-maker, , with Hakutei Ishii and others, pu lished magazine Hosuh, 1907;, ■WU’, in Europe; organizer hanga artists. ■
theories on the nature of the universe propounded, including those of Hoyle, England, and Shapley, United States; improved stellar photography, radio telescopy, spectrum analysis, and building of great 200-incli telescope, Mt. Palomar, California, have aided research; planet Pluto discovered, 1930. General. Important work on control of weatlter; attempts to find solution to Asorld water problems; new instruments in this ‘age of me^ianics’ included gyropilots, electron microscopes, electronic calculating machines, etc; work in agronomy, -genetics, syn^^ ^ ^ stry, and pest control to tu a^culture; attempts to ‘shoot the moon’ with rockets, 1958.
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The current keywords are:
kayakr water
Main definition for Main Keyword.
water: Dictionary Information
Water —n. 1 colourless transparent liquid compound of oxygen and hydrogen. 2 liquid consisting chiefly of this and found in seas and rivers, in rain, and in secretions of organisms. 3 expanse of water; a sea, lake, river, etc. 4 (in pl.) Part of a sea or river. 5 (often as the waters) mineral water at a spa etc. 6 state of a tide. 7 solution of a specified substance in water (lavender-water). 8 transparency and brilliance of a gem. 9 (attrib.) A found in or near water. B of, for, or worked by water. C involving, using, or yielding water. 10 (usu. In pl.) Amniotic fluid, released during labour. —v. 1 sprinkle or soak with water. 2 supply (a plant) with water. 3 give water to (an animal). 4 secrete water. 5 (as watered adj.) (of silk etc.) Having irregular wavy glossy markings. 6 take in a supply of water. by water using a ship etc. For transport. Like water in great quantity, profusely. Make one-s mouth water cause one-s saliva to flow, stimulate one-s appetite or anticipation. Of the first water of the finest quality or extreme degree. Water down 1 dilute. 2 make less forceful or horrifying. Water under the bridge past events accepted as irrevocable. [old english]
Water bus n. Boat carrying passengers on a regular run on a river, lake, etc.
Water chestnut n. Corm from a sedge, used in chinese cookery.
Water jump n. Jump over water in a steeplechase etc.
Water lily n. Aquatic plant with floating leaves and flowers.
Water main n. Main pipe in a water-supply system.
Water melon n. Large dark-green melon with red pulp and watery juice.
Water polo n. Game played by swimmers, with a ball like a football.
Watershed n. 1 line of separation between waters flowing to different rivers, basins, etc. 2 turning-point in affairs. [from shed ridge]
Waterside n. Edge of a sea, lake, or river.
Waterspout n. Gyrating column of water and spray between sea and cloud.
Water table n. = -water-level 2.
water: Geographic Locations
2058897 Waterloo Corner Waterloo Corner Waterloo Corner -34.71667 138.58333 P PPLX AU 05 45680 1202 14 Australia/Adelaide 2019-07-18
2075806 bridgewater Bridgewater bridgewater -35.01397 138.76648 P PPL AU 05 40120 3719 412 Australia/Adelaide 2024-08-27
2166083 Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater -16.88333 145.71667 P PPLX AU 04 32080 2020 27 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
2173951 Broadwater Broadwater Broadvoter,Broadwater,Броадвотер -29.01108 153.43562 P PPL AU 02 16610 625 4 Australia/Sydney 2019-07-18
2174079 bridgewater Bridgewater Bridge Water Junction,Bridgewater,North bridgewater -42.73719 147.22784 P PPLX AU 06 60410 4065 16 Australia/Hobart 2019-07-18
2175403 Blackwater Blackwater BLT,Blackwater -23.58351 148.87912 P PPL AU 04 32270 6089 184 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
2176566 Bayswater Bayswater Bayswater -37.85 145.26667 P PPLX AU 07 23670 11599 108 Australia/Melbourne 2019-07-18
2205985 Sylvania Waters Sylvania Waters Sylvania Waters -34.01868 151.1086 P PPLX AU 02 17150 3127 6 Australia/Sydney 2020-10-23
6621334 Biggera Waters Biggera Waters -27.93239 153.40021 P PPLX AU 04 33430 8887 3 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
6621373 Agnes Water Agnes Water Agnes Voter,Агнес Вотер -24.2119 151.9035 P PPL AU 04 33360 2521 16 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
6930431 Freshwater Freshwater -33.77867 151.28569 P PPLX AU 02 15990 8584 10 18 Australia/Sydney 2019-07-18
7932538 Shoalwater Shoalwater -32.29088 115.71101 P PPLX AU 08 57490 3928 5 Australia/Perth 2019-07-18
8219737 brightwaters Brightwaters brightwaters -33.11357 151.54472 P PPLX AU 02 14650 858 23 Australia/Sydney 2019-07-18
8219843 Waterview Heights Waterview Heights Waterview Heights -29.69775 152.83922 P PPL AU 02 11730 1327 50 Australia/Sydney 2019-07-18
8348070 Waterways Waterways -38.01478 145.1305 P PPLX AU 07 23430 2422 5 Australia/Melbourne 2022-08-23
8348093 Piara Waters Piara Waters -32.13344 115.91634 P PPLX AU 08 50210 8892 30 Australia/Perth 2019-07-18
8348150 silverwater Silverwater -33.83343 151.04731 P PPLX AU 02 16260 4133 10 Australia/Sydney 2019-07-18
8348689 Eli Waters Eli Waters -25.27922 152.8091 P PPLX AU 04 33220 3289 4 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
8348820 Broadwater Broadwater -33.66304 115.2842 P PPLX AU 08 51260 4418 8 Australia/Perth 2019-07-18
8348854 Brookwater Brookwater -27.66128 152.89669 P PPLX AU 04 33960 2119 81 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
8348881 Lockyer Waters Lockyer Waters -27.45389 152.40577 P PPLX AU 04 34580 548 79 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
8348921 Rosewater Rosewater -34.852 138.52158 P PPLX AU 05 45890 3234 10 Australia/Adelaide 2019-07-18
8348925 Pelican Waters Pelican Waters -26.83354 153.10013 P PPLX AU 04 36720 6213 2 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
8349021 Bluewater Park Bluewater Park -19.20504 146.51338 P PPLX AU 04 37010 965 34 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
8349054 Edgewater Edgewater -31.76547 115.78223 P PPLX AU 08 54170 4371 60 Australia/Perth 2019-07-18
8349144 Shearwater Shearwater -41.15673 146.53178 P PPLX AU 06 63810 1718 23 Australia/Hobart 2019-07-18
8349270 Bayswater Bayswater -31.91686 115.91776 P PPLX AU 08 50420 14236 13 Australia/Perth 2019-07-18
8349280 Waterford Waterford -32.01574 115.88662 P PPLX AU 08 57840 2263 7 Australia/Perth 2019-07-18
8600527 Bluewater Bluewater Bluewater -19.18157 146.5582 P PPL AU 04 37010 1119 16 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
9958129 Waterford West Waterford West -27.69056 153.13319 P PPLX AU 04 34590 6341 18 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
9972470 Bayswater North Bayswater North -37.82558 145.28219 P PPLX AU 07 24410 8654 158 Australia/Melbourne 2023-04-20
10057016 Watermans Bay Watermans Bay -31.84915 115.7559 P PPLX AU 08 57910 1230 21 Australia/Perth 2019-07-18
10063038 Broadbeach Waters Broadbeach Waters -28.03498 153.42502 P PPLX AU 04 33430 7833 4 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
10063050 Burleigh Waters Burleigh Waters -28.09975 153.42463 P PPLX AU 04 33430 14117 6 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
10063059 Clear Island Waters Clear Island Waters -28.05308 153.39815 P PPLX AU 04 33430 4085 3 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
10063132 Currumbin Waters Currumbin Waters -28.15442 153.47282 P PPLX AU 04 33430 9023 4 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
10063458 Mermaid Waters Mermaid Waters -28.04912 153.43081 P PPLX AU 04 33430 11998 4 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
10110913 Breakwater Breakwater -38.17987 144.36765 P PPLX AU 07 22750 980 18 Australia/Melbourne 2019-07-18
11704305 Twin Waters Twin Waters -26.63422 153.08114 P PPL AU 04 36720 2848 9 Australia/Brisbane 2019-07-18
2783966 Watervliet Watervliet Watervliet 51.27494 3.62598 P PPL BE VLG VOV 43 43014 1710 2 Europe/Brussels 2020-05-25
2783979 watermael-boitsfort Watermael-Boitsfort Brussel (watermaal-bosvoorde), Bruxelles (watermael-boitsfort), Vatermal - Bosvorde,Vatermal -Buafor,Watermaal-Boschvoorde,Watermaal-Bosvoorde,Watermael-Boitsfort,Watermael-Boitsfort - watermaal-bosvoorde, Watermael-Boitsfort/Watermaal-Bosvoorde,awytrmyl-bwatsfwr,wa te er ma er-bu wa fu er,wateleumalbuapoleu,waterumaru=bowaforu,Ватермал - Босворде,Ватермаль-Буафор,اوئترمئل-بوآتسفور,ワーテルマール＝ボワフォール,瓦特尔马尔-布瓦福尔,와테르말부아포르 50.80154 4.41436 P PPL BE BRU BRU 21 21017 25157 96 Europe/Brussels 2023-03-09
2783985 Waterloo Waterloo Vaterlo,Vaterloo,Vatʻerloo,Waterlo,Waterloo,Waterloum,Waterlô,hua tie lu,oyataralu,wateruro,watrlw,wo da lao,woteollu,wwtrlw,Βατερλώ,Ватерло,Ватерлоо,Վաթեռլոո,ווטרלו,واترلو,واٹرلو، بیلجئیم,ওয়াটারলু,ワーテルロー,滑鐵盧,窩打老,워털루 50.71469 4.3991 P PPL BE WAL WBR 25 25110 29778 119 Europe/Brussels 2013-11-23
5904501 Bluewater Bluewater 43.46679 -81.59977 P PPL CA 08 3540 7044 249 America/Toronto 2024-02-27
5908723 bridgewater Bridgewater bryj watr,بریج واتر 44.37856 -64.51882 P PPL CA 07 1206 8532 6 America/Halifax 2024-02-28
6176751 Waterford Waterford 42.9334 -80.28296 P PPL CA 08 3528 3132 240 America/Toronto 2024-02-27
6176821 Waterloo Waterloo Vaterloo,Ватерлоо 45.35008 -72.51582 P PPL CA 10 05 47025 4410 210 America/Toronto 2024-06-15
6176823 Waterloo Waterloo Uoterlu,Vaterloo,Voterlu,hua tie lu,uotaru,watrlw,watrlw antaryw,woteollu,Ватерлоо,Вотерлу,Уотерлу,واترلو,واترلو، انتاریو,واٹرلو، انٹاریو,ウォータールー,滑鐵盧,워털루 43.4668 -80.51639 P PPL CA 08 3530 104986 325 America/Toronto 2024-02-27
12156822 Waterfront communities-the Island Waterfront communities-the Island 43.63388 -79.3772 P PPLX CA 08 3520 12719290 65913 73 America/Toronto 2024-06-15
354699 Kafr al Baţţīkh Kafr al Battikh Kafr al Battikh,Kafr al Baţţīkh,Kafr el-Battikh,Kafr el-baṭṭîkh, Watermelon Village,kfr albtykh,كفر البطيخ 31.40398 31.73778 P PPL EG 20 47198 5 Africa/Cairo 2023-11-29
2634682 Water Orton Water Orton 52.51575 -1.74005 P PPL GB ENG P3 44UB 44UB032 3444 86 Europe/London 2018-07-03
2634686 waterlooville Waterlooville Uoterluvil,Voterluvil,Waterloo,Waterlooville,watrlwwyl,Вотерлувил,Уотерлувиль,واترلوویل 50.88067 -1.0304 P PPL GB ENG F2 24UH 64350 54 Europe/London 2010-08-03
2634690 wateringbury Wateringbury 51.25543 0.42317 P PPL GB ENG G5 29UP 29UP022 2396 41 Europe/London 2018-07-03
2634701 Waterbeach Waterbeach 52.26553 0.19123 P PPL GB ENG C3 12UG 12UG093 5795 10 Europe/London 2018-07-03
2637298 Southwater Southwater Southwater 51.02369 -0.35173 P PPL GB ENG P6 45UF 45UF022 8692 44 Europe/London 2018-07-03
2643570 Loudwater Loudwater Loudwater 51.61073 -0.70153 P PPL GB ENG B9 11UF 11UF003 4170 78 Europe/London 2024-03-29
2648538 Glenariff Glenariff Glenariff,Glenariffe,Warren,Waterfoot 55.05 -6.06667 P PPL GB NIR N09000004 1286 4 Europe/London 2016-12-04
2649069 Freshwater Freshwater 50.68365 -1.52616 P PPLA3 GB ENG G2 00MW008 7829 12 Europe/London 2017-06-12
2653417 Chacewater Chacewater Chacewater 50.25675 -5.15757 P PPLA3 GB ENG C6 00HE021 1226 61 Europe/London 2017-06-12
2654630 Broadwater Broadwater 50.82887 -0.37594 P PPLX GB ENG P6 45UH 8442 11 Europe/London 2020-10-05
2654730 Bridgwater Bridgwater bridgewater, Bridgwater,Bridzhuoter,Bridzhuotur,Bruga Walteri,UBW,beulijiwoteo,Бриджуотер,Бриджуотър,برج واٹر، سومرسیٹ,بریجواتر,ბრიჯუოტერი,브리지워터 51.12837 -3.00356 P PPL GB ENG M3 40UC 40UC054 41276 15 Europe/London 2018-07-03
2655087 Bourton on the Water Bourton on the Water Bourton on the Water 51.88584 -1.75492 P PPL GB ENG E6 23UC 23UC020 3296 135 Europe/London 2018-07-03
6545243 Bayswater Bayswater beizuuota,bezavotara,byyzwwtr,בייזווטר,بیزواٹر,बेज़वॉटर,ベイズウォーター 51.51116 -0.18426 P PPLX GB ENG GLA P5 17500 35 Europe/London 2011-03-03
6545250 Lambeth Lambeth Lambet,Lambeth,Lambethum,Lampeth,Waterloo,laembeoseu,lambet,lambeti,lambth,lambyth,lampet,lan bei si,lemabetha,lin bao,lmbt,lmbt,lyamabetha,lyambet,ranbesu,Λάμπεθ,Ламбет,Լամբեթ,למבת,لامبث,لامبيث,لمبت,لیمبیتھ,ল্যামবেথ,લેમબેથ,லாம்பெத்,లాంబెత్,ಲ್ಯಾಂಬೆತ್,ლამბეთი,ランベス,兰贝斯,琳寶,蘭貝斯,램버스 51.49635 -0.11152 P PPLX GB ENG GLA H1 6000 10 Europe/London 2011-03-03
6620367 Virginia Water Virginia Water virdzhinija Uoter,Вирджиния Уотер 51.40343 -0.56651 P PPL GB ENG N7 43UG 2999 36 Europe/London 2012-04-12
7116406 Lightwater Lightwater 51.34846 -0.67147 P PPL GB ENG N7 43UJ 43UJ004 6791 55 Europe/London 2018-07-03
8224785 Waterloo Waterloo 53.47454 -3.03017 P PPLX GB ENG L8 1001 13 Europe/London 2012-03-29
8468720 Water Eaton Water Eaton Water Eaton 51.98697 -0.72188 P PPLL GB ENG I6 00MG039 8412 75 83 Europe/London 2013-02-16
10104055 Sheerwater Sheerwater Sheerwater,syrwwtr,שירווטר,شیئرواٹر 51.33581 -0.53438 P PPL GB ENG N7 43UM 3603 31 Europe/London 2021-09-17
11592217 Waterfoot Waterfoot 55.76938 -4.28372 P PPL GB SCT U7 1260 99 Europe/London 2017-06-14
12719811 The Waterfront The Waterfront 22.30463 114.16303 P PPL HK KYT 4002 -9999 Asia/Hong
Kong 2024-02-01
12719842 Grand Waterfront Grand Waterfront 22.31921 114.19375 P PPL HK KKC 4400 3 Asia/Hong
Kong 2024-02-01
8076087 Guwoterus Guwoterus goewateroes, Guwoterus -6.9537 111.8276 P PPLA4 ID 08 3523 0 142 Asia/Jakarta 2022-12-31
2960987 watergrasshill Watergrasshill Cnocan na Biolrai,Cnocán na Biolraí,Watergrasshill 52.01139 -8.34417 P PPL IE M 04 1346 182 Europe/Dublin 2022-01-17
2960992 Waterford Waterford Port Lairge,Port Làirge,Port Láirge,Purt Largey,Uoterford,Uoturford,Voterford,Voterfordas,WAT,Waterford,Waterford city,uotafodo,watrfwrd,wo te fu de,woteopeodeu,Вотерфорд,Уотерфорд,Уотърфорд,واترفورد,واٹرفرڈ,უოტერფორდი,ウォーターフォード,沃特福德,워터퍼드 52.25833 -7.11194 P PPLA2 IE M 44 53504 10 Europe/Dublin 2022-09-01
2965645 castlebridge Castlebridge castlebridge, castlebridge-blackwater, Droichead an Chaisleain,Droichead an chaisleáin, kaslbridzas, Kaslbridzh,Kaslbridžas,Каслбридж 52.38639 -6.44944 P PPL IE L 30 1840 17 Europe/Dublin 2022-01-17
2744982 waterakkers Waterakkers 52.5044 4.65608 P PPLX NL 07 0396 2805 3 Europe/Amsterdam 2017-03-24
2748979 Oudewater Oudewater 52.025 4.86806 P PPL NL 09 0589 9836 1 Europe/Amsterdam 2017-10-17
2758258 Broek in Waterland Broek in Waterland Broek 52.43417 4.99583 P PPL NL 07 0852 2655 0 Europe/Amsterdam 2017-10-17
9036086 waterdonken Waterdonken 51.60959 4.80452 P PPLX NL 06 0758 1110 0 Europe/Amsterdam 2017-03-24
2192964 brightwater Brightwater -41.38333 173.11667 P PPL NZ TAS 051 2340 35 Pacific/Auckland 2022-11-30
6232188 Waterview Waterview -36.8782 174.69019 P PPLX NZ E7 076 3740 1 Pacific/Auckland 2022-08-09
6244866 Waterloo Waterloo -41.2155 174.9256 P PPLX NZ G2 046 5740 30 Pacific/Auckland 2024-10-02
526480 Mineralnye Vody Mineralnye Vody MRV,Mineral Waters,Mineral ni Vodi,Mineral nye Vody,Mineral nyja Vody,Mineral nyye Vody,Mineralized Veded,Mineraližed Veded,Mineralne Wody,Mineralnie Vodi,Mineralnie Vody,Mineralnie vodi,Mineralnije Vodi,Mineralniye Vodi,Mineralnoje Vodo,Mineralny Vody,Mineralnye Vody,Mineralnyje Vody,Mineralnyje Wody,Mineralnyye Vody,Mineralnîe Vodî,Mineralnõje Vodõ,Mineralnıye Vodı,Mineral’nyye Vody,Minjeralnyje Wody,Minvod,kuang shui cheng,minelalniyebodi,minerarinuie・vuodoi,mnralny fwdy,mynralnyh wwdy,mynrlnyyh wwdy,mynyralnayy fwdy,Минвод,Минералние води,Минералније Води,Минеральные Воды,Минеральные Воды балһсн,Мінеральныя Воды,Мінеральні Води,Միներալնիե Վոդի,מינרלנייה וודי,منرالني فودي,منرالنیئے وودی,مينيرالنايي فودي,مینرالنیه وودی,ミネラーリヌィエ・ヴォードィ,礦水城,미네랄니예보디 44.21028 43.13528 P PPL RU 70 76280 310 Europe/Moscow 2023-06-09
2403094 Waterloo Waterloo Gouoterlou,Uoterlu,Vaterloo,Vaterlu,Vaterlū,Waterloo,hua tie lu sai la li ang,oyataralu,seiyr ra li xon,uotaru,vatarlu,vattarlu,votaralu,watrlw,watrlw syra lywn,watrlw syralywn,woteollu,wwtrlw,Γουότερλου,Ватерлоо,Уотерлу,ווטרלו,واترلو,واترلو، سيراليون,واترلو، سیرا لئون,واٹرلو، سیرالیون,वॉटरलू,ওয়াটারলু,વોટરલૂ,வாட்டர்லூ,వాటర్లూ,ವಾಟರ್ಲೂ,වෝටර්ලු,เซียร์ราลีโอน,ウォータールー,滑铁卢，塞拉利昂,워털루 8.3389 -13.07091 P PPL SL 04 55000 23 Africa/Freetown 2024-01-18
4059870 East Florence East Florence East Florence,Sweetwater 34.80953 -87.64947 P PPL US AL 077 35733 167 171 America/Chicago 2006-01-17
4060232 Edgewater Edgewater Edgewater,Edzhvoter,Edzvoter,adjwatr alabama,ajwatr alabama,aydjwatr,e qi wo te,ejvatara,Еджвотер,Еџвотер,إيدجواتر,اجواتر، آلاباما,ادجواتر، آلاباما,ايدجواتر,ایج واٹر، الاباما,एज्वाटर,厄齊沃特 33.52677 -86.95777 P PPL US AL 073 883 162 162 America/Chicago 2011-05-14
4064598 Goodwater Goodwater Adkins Gap,Good water,Goodwater,Gudvoter,ghwdwwtr,gu de wo te,gudavatara,gwd watr alabama,Гудвотер,Ґудвотер,غودووتر,گود واتر، آلاباما,گودوۆتەر، ئەلاباما,गूडवाटर,古德沃特 33.06567 -86.0533 P PPL US AL 037 1343 256 264 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
4094484 Tuscumbia Tuscumbia Big Spring,Cold water,Deshlar Cross Roads,Ococoposa,Ococoposo,Ocoposa,Oka Kapassa,Taskambi,Taskambija,Tuscumbia,Tuskumbija,ta si kan bi ya,taskambiya,taskambya alabama,tasukanbia,twskwmbya,Таскамби,Таскамбия,Таскамбија,Таскамбія,Тъскъмбия,تاسکامبیا، آلاباما,توسكومبيا,तस्कम्बिया,タスカンビア,塔斯坎比亚 34.7312 -87.70253 P PPLA2 US AL 033 8474 142 143 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
4151316 Clearwater Clearwater CLW,Clearwater,Clearwater Harbor,Kliruoter,Klirvoter,Klirvoteris,Kliuruotur,ke li er wo te,keullieowoteo,kliyaravatara,klyrwatr,klyrwatr flwryda,kuriauota,Клирвотер,Клируотер,Клиъруотър,Клірвотер,كليرواتر,کلیئرواٹر، فلوریڈا,کلیرواتر، فلوریدا,کلیرواٹر,क्लियरवाटर,クリアウォーター,克利爾沃特,클리어워터 27.96585 -82.8001 P PPLA2 US FL 103 113003 9 15 America/New
York 2017-03-09
4154205 Edgewater Edgewater 28.98888 -80.90228 P PPL US FL 127 21566 1 4 America/New
York 2017-03-09
4162532 Lochmoor Waterway Estates Lochmoor Waterway Estates Lochmoor Waterway Estates,Lokhmor-Votervej-Estejts,Lokmor Votervej Estejts,Lokmur-Uoteruehj-Istejts,lakamura vatarave estetsa,luo qi mu er shui dao zhuang yuan,lwkmwr watrwy astyts,lwkmwr watrwy astyts flwryda,Локмор Вотервеј Естејтс,Локмур-Уотеруэй-Истейтс,Лохмор-Вотервей-Естейтс,لوکمور واتروی استیتس,لوکمور واتروی استیتس، فلوریدا,लकमूर वाटरवे एस्टेट्स,洛奇穆爾水道莊園 26.64424 -81.90981 P PPL US FL 071 4204 1 2 America/New
York 2011-05-14
4174600 Sweetwater Sweetwater Svitvoter,si wei te wo te,svitavatara,swytwatr,Свитвотер,سوئیتواتر، فلوریدا,سوئیٹ واٹر، میامی-ڈیڈ کاؤنٹی، فلوریڈا,سويتواتر,स्विटवाटर,斯威特沃特 25.76343 -80.37311 P PPL US FL 086 20840 1 7 America/New
York 2017-03-09
4177542 Watertown Watertown Uotertaun,Votertaun,Watertown,vatarata una,watrtawn,watrtawn flwryda,wo te dui,Вотертаун,Уотертаун,واترتاون,واترتاون، فلوریدا,واٹر ٹاؤن، فلوریڈا,वाटरटाउन,沃特敦 30.19245 -82.61457 P PPL US FL 023 2829 57 61 America/New
York 2011-05-14
4252548 Waterloo Waterloo Vaterlo,Voterlu,watrlw,watrlw aylynwy,Ватерло,Вотерлу,واترلو,واترلو، ایلینوی,واٹرلو، الینوائے 38.33589 -90.14983 P PPLA2 US IL 133 10236 216 216 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
4266643 Waterloo Waterloo Waterloo,oyataralu,watrlw,واترلو,واٹرلو، جانسن کاؤنٹی، انڈیانا,ওয়াটারলু 39.56255 -86.19749 P PPL US IN 081 83924 2209 246 248 America/Indiana/Indianapolis 2017-05-23
4269690 Clearwater Clearwater Clearwater,Klirvoter,ke li er wo te,klyrwatr kanzas,klyrwwtr,Клирвотер,Клірвотер,كليرووتر,کلیئرواٹر، کنساس,کلیرواتر، کانزاس,克利爾沃特 37.5028 -97.50449 P PPL US KS 173 50725 2537 392 397 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
4269802 Coldwater Coldwater Koldvoter,Koulduoter,kwldwatr kanzas,kwldwwtr,Колдвотер,Коулдуотер,كولدووتر,کولدواتر، کانزاس,کولڈواٹر، کنساس 37.26891 -99.32678 P PPLA2 US KS 033 14725 806 642 648 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
4281318 Waterville Waterville Votervil,Votervill,Waterville,watrwyl kanzas,wo te wei er,wtrwyl kanzas,wwtrfyl,Вотервил,Вотервилл,Вотервілл,واترویل، کانزاس,وترویل، کانزاس,ووترفيل,沃特維爾 39.69111 -96.74752 P PPL US KS 117 75975 651 359 364 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
4281710 Whitewater Whitewater Ovo,Vajtvoter,White water,Whitewater,huai te wo te,wayt wwtr,waytwatr kanzas,waytwtr kanzas,Вайтвотер,Вајтвотер,وائٹ واٹر، کنساس,وايت ووتر,وایتواتر، کانزاس,وایتوتر، کانزاس,怀特沃特,懷特沃特 37.96474 -97.14753 P PPL US KS 015 46875 710 418 424 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
4289606 Dawson Springs Dawson Springs Dawson,Dawson City,Dawson Springs,Dawsonsprings,Donson Springs,Doson-Springs,Douson Springs,Ntoson Sprin nks,Tradewater,dao sen quan,dawsn asprynqz kntaky,dawswn sbrynghz,dawswn sbrynjz,dsn aspryngz kntaky,dwswn spryngs,Ντόσον Σπρινγκς,Донсон Спрингс,Досон-Спрингс,Досон-Спрінгс,Доусон Спрингс,דוסון ספרינגס,داوسن اسپرینقز، کنتاکی,داوسون سبرينجز,داوسون سبرينغز,دسن اسپرینگز، کنتاکی,ڈاوسن سپرنگز، کینٹکی,ドーソン・スプリングス,道森泉 37.16727 -87.69251 P PPL US KY 107 2737 128 130 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
4331567 Logansport Logansport Logans Ferry,Logansport,Waterloo 31.97545 -93.99797 P PPL US LA 031 1564 65 71 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
4345543 Waterproof Waterproof Water Proof,Waterproof 31.80488 -91.38345 P PPL US LA 107 609 21 25 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
4354072 Edgewater Edgewater 38.938 -76.557 P PPL US MD 003 9023 15 1 America/New
York 2024-02-13
4355809 Fulton Fulton Fulton,Waters Store 39.15094 -76.92303 P PPL US MD 027 2049 138 140 America/New
York 2011-05-14
4422281 Coldwater Coldwater Coldwater,Darden Ridge 32.71486 -89.21423 P PPL US MS 099 1608 143 145 America/Chicago 2010-02-16
4422289 Coldwater Coldwater Cold water,Coldwater,Coldwater Depot 34.69177 -89.97731 P PPL US MS 137 1603 76 79 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
4434502 Maben Maben Good water,Maben 33.5554 -89.08478 P PPL US MS 105 874 135 137 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
4443050 Redwater Redwater 32.7668 -89.53674 P PPL US MS 079 633 117 127 America/Chicago 2011-05-14
4450347 Water Valley Water Valley Oke Chukma,Uater Vehllej,Voter Vali,Voter-Velli,Water Valley,watr wly mysysypy,wo te wa li,wwtr faly,Вотер Вали,Вотер-Велли,Вотер-Веллі,Уатер Вэллей,واتر ولی، میسیسیپی,واٹر ویلی، مسیسپی,ووتر فالى,ووتر فالي,沃特瓦利 34.1515 -89.63147 P PPL US MS 161 3380 89 90 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
4552215 Stillwater Stillwater SWO,Stilgouoter,Stilluateh,Stilvoter,astylwatr aklahma,seutil-woteo,si di er wo te,stilavotara,stylwwtr,sutiruuota,Στίλγουοτερ,Стилвотер,Стиллуатэ,استیلواتر، اکلاهما,ستيلووتر,سٹیلواٹر، اوکلاہوما,स्टिलवॉटर,スティルウォーター,斯蒂尔沃特,스틸워터 36.11561 -97.05837 P PPLA2 US OK 119 48967 273 277 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
4574947 Clearwater Clearwater 33.4968 -81.89206 P PPL US SC 003 4370 45 46 America/New
York 2011-05-14
4600065 Walterboro Walterboro Ireland Creek,RBW,Volterboro,Walterboro,Walterborough,Waterboro,waltrbwrw,waltrbwrw karwlynay jnwby,wo er te bo lei,Волтерборо,والتربورو,والتربورو، کارولینای جنوبی,والٹربورو، جنوبی کیرولائنا,沃尔特伯勒 32.90517 -80.66677 P PPLA2 US SC 029 5278 21 25 America/New
York 2017-03-09
4621745 Falling Water Falling Water Falling water,Foling Voter,Folling-Voter,fl wtr tnsy,Фолинг Вотер,Фоллинг-Вотер,Фоллінг-Вотер,فالینگ واٹر، ٹینیسی,فل وتر، تنسی 35.20312 -85.25357 P PPL US TN 065 1232 210 213 America/New
York 2011-05-14
4661331 Sweetwater Sweetwater Svitvoter,Sweet water,Sweetwater,aswytwatr tnsy,suitouota,swytwatr,Свитвотер,Світвотер,اسویتواتر، تنسی,سوئیٹ واٹر، ٹینیسی,سويتواتر,スイートウォーター 35.60146 -84.46104 P PPL US TN 123 5931 278 277 America/New
York 2017-03-09
4666102 Watertown Watertown Three Forks,Votertaun,Waters Mill,Watertown,watrtawn tnsy,wo te dui shi,wwtrtawn,Вотертаун,واترتاون، تنسی,واٹر ٹاؤن، ٹینیسی,ووترتاون,沃特敦市 36.10034 -86.13193 P PPL US TN 189 1517 199 198 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
4671654 Austin Austin AUS,Austin,Austino,Austinopolis,Aŭstino,Montopolis,Oscin,Ostin,Ostina,Ostinas,Ostins,Waterloo,ao si ting,asatina,astin,astina,astyn tgzas,awstn,ke shi dian,oseutin,ostina,ostʼini,osutin,xxstin,Ώστιν,Остин,Остін,Осцін,Օստին,אוסטין,אסטין,آستین، تگزاس,آسٹن,آسٹن، ٹیکساس,أوستن,अस्टिन,अस्तिन,आस्टिन्,ऑस्टिन,অস্টিন,ਆਸਟਿਨ,ஆஸ்டின்,ഓസ്റ്റിൻ,ออสติน,ოსტინი,ኦስቲን፣ ቴክሳስ,ᎠᏍᏘᏂ,オースティン,奧斯汀,柯士甸,오스틴 30.26715 -97.74306 P PPLA US TX 453 931830 149 165 America/Chicago 2019-09-05
4693621 Gladewater Gladewater Gladewater,Glejdvoter,glydwatr tgzas,guredouota,kladwwtr,qlydwatr tkzas,Глейдвотер,Глејдвотер,قلیدواتر، تکزاس,كلادووتر,گلیدواتر، تگزاس,グレードウォーター 32.53653 -94.94272 P PPL US TX 183 6432 111 116 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
4722062 Redwater Redwater Ingersoll,Redwater 33.35818 -94.25436 P PPL US TX 037 1071 90 94 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
4748925 bridgewater Bridgewater Bridgeport,Bridgewater,Bridzhuoter,Dinkletown,Бриджуотер 38.38207 -78.9767 P PPL US VA 165 5889 359 360 America/New
York 2017-03-09
4791861 Wakefield Wakefield Blackwater Depot,Heath s,Heaths,Vejkfild,Wakefield,Wakefield Station,ueikufirudo,wykfyld,wyykfyld wyrjynya,Вейкфилд,Вейкфілд,Вејкфилд,وئیکفیلد، ویرجینیا,ويكفيلد,ویکفیلڈ، ورجینیا,ウェイクフィールド 36.96821 -76.98968 P PPL US VA 183 884 30 34 America/New
York 2017-03-09
4792494 Waverly Waverly Blackwater Depot,Waverly,Waverly Station 37.03598 -77.09524 P PPL US VA 183 2073 34 38 America/New
York 2017-03-09
4805596 Falling Waters Falling Waters Falling Waters,Fallingwater,Foling Voters,Folling-Voters,fl wtrz wyrjynyay ghrby,pu bu shi,Фолинг Вотерс,Фоллинг-Вотерс,Фоллінг-Вотерс,فالینگ واٹرس، مغربی ورجینیا,فل وترز، ویرجینیای غربی,瀑布市 39.55926 -77.89083 P PPL US WV 003 876 118 123 America/New
York 2011-05-14
4833276 Watervliet Watervliet gibbonsville, Port Schuyler,Uotervlit,Vatervlejt,Votervlit,Washington,Watervliet,West Troy,Wатервлиет,uotaburito,wa te fu li te,watrwyt nywywrk,wtrflyt,Ватервлейт,Вотервлит,Вотервліт,Уотервлит,واترویت، نیویورک,واٹرولیٹ، نیو یارک,وترفليت,വാട്ടർവ്ലിയെറ്റ്,ウォーターブリート,瓦特弗利特 42.73008 -73.70123 P PPL US NY 001 78674 10214 9 7 America/New
York 2017-05-23
4834040 Enfield Enfield Ehnfild,Enfield,Freshwater,aynfyld,enfirudo,Энфилд,إينفيلد,اینفیلڈ، کنیکٹیکٹ,エンフィールド 41.97621 -72.59176 P PPL US CT 110 25990 45212 47 53 America/New
York 2024-05-21
4835003 glastonbury Glastonbury glastenbury, glastonberi, glastonbjuri, glastonbury, Naubuc,Watertuyn,ghlastwnbwry,Гластонбери,Гластонбюри,غلاستونبوري,گلیسٹنبری، کنیکٹیکٹ 41.71232 -72.60815 P PPL US CT 110 31240 31876 19 19 America/New
York 2024-05-21
4841089 Prospect Prospect Prospect,Waterbury South Farms 41.50232 -72.97872 P PPL US CT 140 62290 9476 268 268 America/New
York 2024-05-21
4844200 thompsonville Thompsonville Freshwater Brook,The City,Thompsonville,Tompsonvil,Tompsonvill,tampswnwyl,tampswnwyl kntykt,tang pu sen wei er,thampsanabhila,thwmbswnfyl,Томпсонвил,Томпсонвилл,Томпсонвілл,تامپسونویل,تامپسونویل، کنتیکت,ثومبسونفيل,थंप्सनभिल,湯普森維爾 41.99704 -72.59898 P PPL US CT 110 25990 8577 35 38 America/New
York 2024-05-21
4845193 Waterbury Waterbury Forest City,The Brass City,Uotrbri,Uoterberi,Vaterbjuri,Voterberi,Waterbury,uotabari,uotaberi,vatarabari,votarabari,watrbry kntykt,watrbwry,wo te bo li,woteobeli,wwtrbry,Ватербюри,Вотербери,Вотербері,Уотербери,Уотърбъри,ווטרברי,واتربری، کنتیکت,واتربوري,واٹربری، کنیکٹیکٹ,वाटरबरी,वॉटरबरी,ウォーターバリー,ウォーターベリー,沃特伯里,워터베리 41.55815 -73.0515 P PPL US CT 140 80070 108802 82 84 America/New
York 2024-05-21
4845245 Watertown Watertown Vatehrtaun,Votertaun,Watertown,Watertown Center,woteotaun,Ватэртаун,Вотертаун,واٹر ٹاؤن، کنیکٹیکٹ,워터타운 41.60621 -73.11817 P PPL US CT 140 80490 3574 178 181 America/New
York 2024-05-21
4845612 wethersfield Wethersfield Pyquaq,Vedersfild,Vezersfild,Watertown,Wethersfield,vedarsaphilda,Ведерсфилд,Везерсфилд,ویدرزفیلڈ، کنیکٹیکٹ,वेदर्सफिल्ड 41.71427 -72.65259 P PPL US CT 110 84900 26668 25 19 America/New
York 2024-05-21
4880889 Waterloo Waterloo ALO,Uatehrlu,Vaterlo,Voterlu,Waterloo,uotaru,votarlu,watrlw,watrlw aywwa,woteollu,wwtrlw,Ватерло,Вотерлу,Уатэрлу,ווטרלו,واترلو,واترلو، آیووا,واٹرلو، آئیووا,वॉटर्लू,ウォータールー,워털루 42.49276 -92.34296 P PPLA2 US IA 013 94597 68460 261 263 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
4890701 Edgewater Edgewater 41.98337 -87.66395 P PPLX US IL 031 14000 54873 181 184 America/Chicago 2017-12-06
4908737 St. Charles St. Charles Charleston,Saint Charles,Saint-Charles,Sent Charls,Sent-Charl z,Sent-Charlz,St. Charles,Waterville,sant tsharlz,sheng cha er si,snt charlz aylynwy,Сент Чарлс,Сент-Чарлз,Сент-Чарльз,Սենտ Չարլզ,سانت تشارلز,سنت چارلز، ایلینوی,سینٹ چارلز، الینوائے,セイント・チャールズ,圣查尔斯,聖查爾斯 41.91419 -88.30869 P PPL US IL 089 32974 223 224 America/Chicago 2021-02-20
4915683 Waterman Waterman 41.7717 -88.77369 P PPL US IL 037 14988 1494 252 256 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
4927928 Waterloo Waterloo Vaterlo,Waterloo,Waterloo City,Ватерло 41.43199 -85.01997 P PPL US IN 033 28836 2248 276 278 America/Indiana/Indianapolis 2017-05-23
4931303 bridgewater Bridgewater bridgewater, Bridgewater Centre,Bridzhuateh,Bridzhuoter,bryjwatr masachwst,burijjiuota,Бриджуатэ,Бриджуотер,برج واٹر، میساچوسٹس,بریجواتر، ماساچوست,ブリッジウォーター 41.99038 -70.97504 P PPL US MA 023 08085 7841 30 34 America/New
York 2017-05-23
4931429 Brockton Brockton Brockton,Broktan,Brokton,Broktona,Broktonas,Broktun,North bridgewater, beulagteun,br xk tan,brakatana,braktan,braktwn masachwst,brok ton,brokatana,brwktwn,brwqtwn,bu luo ke dun,burokkuton,piraktn,Μπρόκτον,Броктан,Броктон,Броктън,Բրոքթոն,ברוקטון,براکتون، ماساچوست,بروكتون,بروکٹن، میساچوسٹس,ब्रॉकटन,ब्रॉक्टोन,ব্রকটন,બ્રૉકટન,பிராக்ட்ன்,బ్రోక్ టొన్,ಬ್ರಾಕ್ಟನ್,බ්රොක්ටන්,บรอกตัน,ブロックトン,布罗克顿,布羅克頓,브락튼 42.08343 -71.01838 P PPL US MA 023 09000 95314 35 37 America/New
York 2017-05-23
4935330 East bridgewater East bridgewater Ist bridzhuateh, bryjwatr shrqy masachwst,Ист Бриджуатэ,بریجواتر شرقی، ماساچوست 42.03343 -70.95921 P PPL US MA 023 18455 14021 22 27 America/New
York 2017-05-23
4954611 Watertown Watertown gouotertaoun, saltonstall Plantation,Uotertaun,Vatertaun,Votertaun,Watertown,uotataun,watrtawn masachwst,wo te dui,woteotaun,wtrtawn,wwtrtwwn,Γουότερταουν,Вотертаун,Уотертаун,Ուոթերթաուն,ווטרטוון,واترتاون، ماساچوست,واٹر ٹاؤن، میساچوسٹس,وترتاون,ウォータータウン,沃特敦,워터타운 42.37093 -71.18283 P PPL US MA 017 73440 31915 19 23 America/New
York 2017-05-23
4954886 West bridgewater West bridgewater Centre Village,Nunketest,Nunketetest,Vehst bridzhuateh, West bridgewater, West bridgewater Centre,bryjwatr ghrby masachwst,Вэст Бриджуатэ,بریجواتر غربی، ماساچوست 42.01899 -71.00782 P PPL US MA 023 75260 6750 19 25 America/New
York 2017-05-23
4959274 bridgewater Bridgewater bridgewater, bridzhuatehr, bridzhuoter, bridzhvoter, brydg wwtr,bu li qi wo te,burijjiuota,Бриджвотер,Бриджуатэр,Бриджуотер,ברידג ווטר,برج واٹر، مینے,ブリッジウォーター,布里奇沃特 46.42782 -67.84336 P PPL US ME 003 07065 636 130 130 America/New
York 2017-05-23
4974071 Oakland Oakland Oakland,Oklend,West Waterfield,Окленд 44.54034 -69.72199 P PPL US ME 011 54560 2602 71 71 America/New
York 2017-05-23
4982218 Waterboro Waterboro uatehrborou, Voterboro,Waterboro,watrbwrw myyn,wo te bo lei,wwtrbwrw,Вотерборо,Уатэрбороу,ווטרבורו,واتربورو، مئین,沃特伯勒 43.53564 -70.71506 P PPL US ME 031 80530 7532 81 82 America/New
York 2017-05-23
4982236 Waterville Waterville Ticonic Falls,Uotervill,Vatehrvill,Votervil,Votervil,WVL,Waterville,uotabiru,watrwyl myn,wo te wei er,woteobil,wwtrfyl,Ватэрвилл,Вотервил,Вотервіль,Уотервилл,واترویل، مین,واٹرویل، میئن,ووترفيل,ウォータービル,沃特维尔,워터빌 44.55201 -69.63171 P PPL US ME 011 80740 16261 33 34 America/New
York 2017-05-23
4989266 Coldwater Coldwater Koldvoter,Koulduatehr,ke er de wo te,kwldwatr myshygan,kwldwwtr,Колдвотер,Коулдуатэр,كولدووتر,کولدواتر، میشیگان,کولڈواٹر، مشی گن,科尔德沃特 41.94033 -85.00052 P PPLA2 US MI 023 17020 10844 294 296 America/Detroit 2017-05-23
5005318 Pentwater Pentwater Pent water,Pentwater 43.78167 -86.43314 P PPL US MI 127 63560 845 183 184 America/Detroit 2017-05-23
5014130 Waterford Waterford Uoterford,Уотерфорд 42.69303 -83.41181 P PPL US MI 125 84240 75737 294 302 America/Detroit 2017-05-23
5014165 Watervliet Watervliet uatehrvlajt, Votervlit,Watervliet,wa te fu li te,watrwlyt myshygan,watrwlyt myshyqan,wtrflyt,Вотервлит,Вотервліт,Уатэрвлайт,واترولیت، میشیقان,واترولیت، میشیگان,وترفليت,瓦特弗利特 42.18671 -86.26058 P PPL US MI 021 84500 1692 198 199 America/Detroit 2017-05-23
5016813 Atwater Atwater Atuatehr,Atuoter,Atvoter,Atwater,City of Atwater,atwatr,Атвотер,Атуатэр,Атуотер,أتواتر,اتواتر,اتواتر، مینهسوتا,اتواتر، مینیسوٹا 45.13885 -94.77806 P PPL US MN 067 02692 1124 372 372 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
5021527 Clearwater Clearwater City of Clearwater,Clear water,Clearwater,Clearwater Village,Kliauatehr,Kliruoter,Klirvoter,klyr wwtr,Клиауатэр,Клирвотер,Клируотер,Клірвотер,كلير ووتر,کلیئر واٹر، مینیسوٹا,کلییروتر، مینهسوتا 45.41941 -94.04887 P PPL US MN 171 11800 1783 294 295 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
5048814 Stillwater Stillwater City of Stillwater,Stilluatehr,Stilluoter,Stillvoter,Stillwater,Stilvoter,seutil-woteo,stylwwtr,Стилвотер,Стиллуатэр,Стиллуотер,Стіллвотер,استیلواتر، مینهسوتا,ستيلووتر,스틸워터 45.05636 -92.80604 P PPLA2 US MN 163 62824 18924 212 211 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
5052016 Watertown Watertown City of Watertown,Uatehrtaun,Uotertaun,Votertaun,Watertown,wo te dui,wwtrtawn,Вотертаун,Уатэртаун,Уотертаун,واترتاون، مینهسوتا,واٹر ٹاؤن، مینیسوٹا,ووترتاون,沃特敦 44.96357 -93.84719 P PPL US MN 019 68548 4289 285 287 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
5052019 Waterville Waterville City of Waterville,Uatehrvill,Uotervill,Votervil,Votervill,Waterville,wo te wei er,wwtrfyl,wwtrwwyl,Вотервил,Вотервилл,Вотервілл,Уатэрвилл,Уотервилл,ווטרוויל,واترویل، مینهسوتا,ووترفيل,沃特维尔 44.21885 -93.568 P PPL US MN 079 68584 1849 309 309 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
5081416 Waterloo Waterloo Vaterlo,Ватерло 41.28694 -96.28558 P PPL US NE 055 1044 344 343 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
5081518 Weeping Water Weeping Water EPG,Viping Uateh,Viping Voter,Viping-Voter,Weeping water,qi lei cun,wybyngh watyr,wybynj watyr,wypyng wtr nbraska,wypynq wtr nbraska,Випинг Вотер,Випинг Уатэ,Випинг-Вотер,Віпінг-Вотер,ويبينج واتير,ويبينغ واتير,ویپینق وتر، نبراسکا,ویپینگ وتر، نبراسکا,泣泪村,泣淚村 40.87 -96.14057 P PPL US NE 025 93383 1057 335 337 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
5083803 bridgewater Bridgewater 43.63841 -71.73647 P PPL US NH 009 07540 1037 195 201 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5095860 Bound Brook Bound Brook Baund Bruk,Baund-Bruk,Bound Brook,Boundbreak,Boundbrook,Bridgewater,bwnd brwk nywjrsy,Баунд Брук,Баунд-Брук,بوند بروک، نیوجرسی 40.56844 -74.53849 P PPL US NJ 035 06790 10497 14 19 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5097521 Edgewater Park Edgewater Park Edzhuatehr Park Taunship,Municipio de Edgewater Park,ajwatr park nywjrsy,Еджуатэр Парк Тауншип,اجواتر پارک، نیوجرسی 40.06817 -74.90072 P PPL US NJ 005 20050 7387 7 11 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5097575 Edgewater Edgewater Edgewater,Edzvoter,Ehdzhuateh,Undercliff,ajwatr nywjrsy,Еџвотер,Эджуатэ,اجواتر، نیوجرسی,ایج واٹر، نیو جرسی 40.82704 -73.97569 P PPL US NJ 003 20020 12034 15 21 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5110168 brightwaters Brightwaters 40.72093 -73.26734 P PPL US NY 103 38000 3088 7 10 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5139732 Stillwater Stillwater 42.93841 -73.65317 P PPL US NY 091 71333 1732 28 30 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5141165 tompkinsville Tompkinsville tompkinsvil ,Tompkinsvill,Tompkinsville,Watering Place,tang pu jin si cun,tonpukinsuvuiru,Томпкинсвилл,Томпкінсвілл,Томпкінсвіль,トンプキンスヴィル,湯普金斯村 40.63812 -74.07795 P PPL US NY 085 8343 34 18 America/New
York 2019-03-15
5143370 Waterford Waterford Half-Moon Point,Uoterford,Voterford,Waterford,Вотерфорд,Уотерфорд 42.79258 -73.68123 P PPL US NY 091 78531 2037 21 24 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5143380 Waterloo Waterloo New Hudson,Scauyes,Scauyz,Scawas,Scawyace,Vaterlo,Voterlu,Waterloo,qryt watrlw,Ватерло,Вотерлу,قرية واترلو,واٹرلو 42.90479 -76.86274 P PPLA2 US NY 099 78564 5036 138 139 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5143386 Water Mill Water Mill Mill Neck,Water Mill,Water Mills,Watermill 40.91959 -72.34274 P PPL US NY 103 68473 1559 3 5 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5143396 Watertown Watertown ART,Uotertaun,Vatertaun,Votertaun,uotataun,watrtawn nywywrk,watyrtawn,Ватертаун,Вотертаун,Уотертаун,واترتاون، نیویورک,واتيرتاون,واٹر ٹاؤن,ウォータータウン 43.97478 -75.91076 P PPLA2 US NY 045 78608 26780 142 146 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5143405 Waterville Waterville Skanawis,The Huddle,Waterville 42.93118 -75.37989 P PPL US NY 065 65134 1551 366 367 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5146149 Atwater Atwater Atwater,Atwater Station 41.02395 -81.16343 P PPL US OH 133 02862 758 344 344 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5150725 Coldwater Coldwater Buzzards Glory,Cold water,Coldwater,Franktown 40.47977 -84.62829 P PPL US OH 107 10604 4487 278 279 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5151278 Covington Covington Covington,Fort Buchanan,Fort Rowdy,Friendship,New Jefferson,Newberry,Newburg,Newbury,Redman,Stillwater 40.11727 -84.35384 P PPL US OH 109 54138 2625 284 283 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5164449 New Waterford New Waterford Bull Creek,New Waterford 40.84506 -80.61452 P PPL US OH 029 78890 1202 319 318 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5174585 uhrichsville Uhrichsville akhrichsvill, Egypt,Juriksvill,Uhrichs Mill,Uhrichsville,Uhricksville,Ulricks Mills,Urichsville,Urikhsvill,Waterford,awhrychswyl awhayw,ywhrytshsfyl,Ахричсвилл,Урихсвилл,Уріхсвілл,Юриксвилл,اوهریچسویل، اوهایو,يوهريتشسفيل 40.39312 -81.3465 P PPL US OH 157 50232 5404 261 263 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5175847 Waterville Waterville Votervil,Votervill,Waterville,uotavuiru,watrwyl awhayw,watyrfyl,Вотервил,Вотервілл,واترویل، اوهایو,واتيرفيل,ウォーターヴィル 41.50089 -83.71827 P PPL US OH 095 5514 187 190 America/New
York 2017-03-09
5181639 bridgewater Bridgewater bridgewater, bridzhuoter, Bridzvoter,West bridgewater, Бриджуотер,Бриџвотер,برج واٹر، پنسلوانیا 40.70534 -80.30117 P PPL US PA 007 08632 693 244 242 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5186696 Delaware Water Gap Delaware Water Gap Delaware Water Gap,Delaware Watergap,Dutotsburg,Water Gap 40.97926 -75.14296 P PPL US PA 089 18736 713 155 162 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5199879 Marietta Marietta Marietta,Marijeta,New Haven,Waterford,Мариетта,Маријета 40.05704 -76.55219 P PPL US PA 071 47424 2608 84 83 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5206800 Polk Polk Polk,Waterloo 41.367 -79.92922 P PPL US PA 121 61936 794 322 326 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5208641 Rochester Rochester East bridgewater, Fairport,Rochester,Рочестер,روچیسٹر، پنسلوانیا 40.70229 -80.28645 P PPL US PA 007 3569 243 241 America/New
York 2017-03-09
5218198 Waterford Waterford Fort Le Boeuf,Uoterford,Waterford,Уотерфорд 41.94283 -79.9845 P PPL US PA 049 81456 1538 367 372 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5218199 Waterford Waterford 40.25452 -79.16753 P PPL US PA 129 43240 1460 402 405 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5232741 Watertown Watertown ATY,Uotertaun,Votertaun,uotataun,votarata una,wo te dui,woteotaun,wtrtawn dakwtay jnwby,Вотертаун,Уотертаун,وترتاون، داکوتای جنوبی,वॉटरटाउन,ウォータータウン,沃特敦,워터타운 44.89941 -97.11507 P PPLA2 US SD 029 69300 22073 528 530 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
5242565 Waterbury Waterbury Uoturburi,Voterberi,Waterbury,Waterbury Village,watrbwry,Вотербери,Уотърбъри,واتربوري,واٹربری، ورمونٹ 44.33783 -72.75623 P PPL US VT 023 76975 1821 130 135 America/New
York 2017-05-23
5251436 Eau Claire Eau Claire Clearwater,EAU,Eau Claire,Eauclaire,O Kler,O Kleras,O-Klehr,O-Kler,Oklera,Oklēra,Ou Kler,aw klyr,aww klyyr wskwnsn,aywklyr wyskansyn,okeulleeo,okurea,ou ke lei er,qing shui shi,О Клер,О-Клер,О-Клэр,Оу Клер,أو كلير,اوو کلیئر، وسکونسن,ایوکلیر، ویسکانسین,โอแคลร์,ო-კლერი,オークレア,歐克雷爾,清水市,오클레어 44.81135 -91.49849 P PPLA2 US WI 035 22300 67778 240 244 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
5277989 Waterloo Waterloo Vaterlo,Vaterloo,Waterloo,Waterloum,hua tie lu,wateruro,woteollu,Βατερλώ,Ватерло,Ватерлоо,ワーテルロー,滑鐵盧,워털루 43.18388 -88.98844 P PPL US WI 055 83925 3343 247 249 America/Chicago 2023-11-27
5278003 Waterford Waterford Uoterford,Уотерфорд 42.76307 -88.21426 P PPL US WI 101 83825 5358 236 236 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
5278005 Watertown Watertown Johnsons Rapids,Votertaun,Watertown,watrtwn wyskansyn,woteotaun,wwtrtawn,Вотертаун,واترتون، ویسکانسین,واٹر ٹاؤن، وسکونسن,ووترتاون,워터타운 43.19472 -88.72899 P PPL US WI 055 83975 23819 260 262 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
5278931 Whitewater Whitewater Uajtuoter,Vajtvoter,Whitewater,bai shui cheng,howaitouota,hwaiteuwoteo,waytwatr wyskansyn,waytwwtr,Вайтвотер,Вајтвотер,Уайтуотер,وائٹ واٹر، وسکونسن,وايتووتر,وایتواتر، ویسکانسین,ホワイトウォーター,白水城,화이트워터 42.83362 -88.73233 P PPL US WI 127 86925 14692 251 252 America/Chicago 2017-05-23
5285857 Blackwater Blackwater Blackwater,Oo-Kut,Standing Tree,Uhs Kug 33.03117 -111.58263 P PPL US AZ 021 1062 420 419 America/Phoenix 2011-05-14
5286242 Bluewater Bluewater Bluewater,Bluvoter,bluvatara,blwwatr,blwwatr aryzwna,bu lu wo te,Блувотер,بلوواتر,بلوواتر، آریزونا,بلیوواٹر، ایریزونا,ब्लुवाटर,布盧沃特 34.16863 -114.26495 P PPL US AZ 012 725 123 121 America/Phoenix 2011-05-14
5325187 Atwater Atwater Atuoter,Atvoter,Atwater,Etuotur,Kin Libai,Kin Łibáí,a te wo te,atouota,atwatr kalyfrnya,atwatr kalyfwrnya,atwwtr,etvatara,Атвотер,Атуотер,Етуотър,آتواتر، کالیفرنیا,آتواتر، کالیفورنیا,أتووتر,اتووتر,ایٹواٹر، کیلیفورنیا,एट्वाटर,അറ്റ്വാട്ടർ,アトウォーター,阿特沃特 37.34772 -120.60908 P PPL US CA 047 29237 46 50 America/Los
Angeles 2017-03-09
5326297 Barstow Barstow Barstou,Barstow,Bashdo,Báshdo,Fishpond,Fishponds,Grapevine,Waterman,Waterman Junction,ba si tuo,barasto,barstaw,barstw kalyfrnya,barztww kalyfwrnya,baseuto,basutou,brstw,Барстоу,ברסטו,بارزتوو، کالیفورنیا,بارستاو,بارستو، کالیفرنیا,بارسٹو، کیلیفورنیا,बारस्टो,ബാർസ്റ്റോവ്,バーストウ,巴斯托,바스토 34.89859 -117.02282 P PPL US CA 071 23692 663 666 America/Los
Angeles 2017-03-09
5341256 Cypress Cypress Cypress,Saipres,Sajpres,Sajpress,Sajprus,Sipres,Waterville,caippiracu,kyprs kalyfrnya,kyprs kalyfwrnya,sa ipresa,sai pu li si,saipeuleoseu,saipras,saipuresu,saybrys,sayprys kylyfwrnya,syyprs,Łeeyiʼtó Hatsoh,Σάιπρες,Сайпресс,Сайпръс,Сајпрес,סייפרס,سائپریس، کیلیفورنیا,سايبريس,کیپرس، کالیفرنیا,کیپرس، کالیفورنیا,साइप्रेस,சைப்பிரசு,സൈപ്രസ്,サイプレス,賽普里斯,赛普里斯,사이프러스 33.81696 -118.03729 P PPL US CA 059 49290 12 14 America/Los
Angeles 2017-03-09
5407463 Waterford Waterford Haʼnaa Nʼdeetiin,Uoterford,Uoturford,Voterford,Waterford,vatarapharda,watrfwrd kalyfrnya,watrfwrd kalyfwrnya,watyrfwrd,wo te fu de,Вотерфорд,Уотерфорд,Уотърфорд,واترفورد، کالیفرنیا,واترفورد، کالیفورنیا,واتيرفورد,واٹرفورڈ، کیلیفورنیا,वाटरफर्ड,沃特福德 37.64132 -120.76048 P PPL US CA 099 8824 52 52 America/Los
Angeles 2017-03-09
5407474 Waterloo Waterloo Vaterloo,Voterlu,Waterloo,hua tie lu,oyataralu,watrlw,watrlw kalyfwrnya,Ватерлоо,Вотерлу,واترلو,واترلو، کالیفورنیا,ওয়াটারলু,滑鐵盧 38.03464 -121.18689 P PPL US CA 077 572 18 19 America/Los
Angeles 2011-05-14
5420859 Edgewater Edgewater Edgewater,Edzhuotur,Edzhvoter,Edzvoter,Ehdzhuater,Ehdzhvoter,adjwatr kwlwradw,ai qi wo te,aydjwwtr,ayjwatr klradw,ejiwoteo,ejvatara,Еджвотер,Еджуотър,Еџвотер,Эджвотер,Эджуатер,إيدجووتر,ادجواتر، کولورادو,ايدجووتر,ایج واٹر، کولوراڈو,ایجواتر، کلرادو,एज्वाटर,埃奇沃特,에지워터 39.75304 -105.06415 P PPL US CO 059 5302 1640 1645 America/Denver 2017-03-09
5497190 Waterflow Waterflow Ch indii lich ii,Jewett Valley,Kentucky Mesa,Liberty,Waterflow 36.75972 -108.48175 P PPL US NM 045 1670 1543 1547 America/Denver 2011-05-14
5530549 shallowater Shallowater shallowater, Shalovoter,Shellouvoter,shalwwtr,shlwwatr tgzas,shlwwatr tkzas,Шаловотер,Шеллоувотер,شالووتر,شلوواتر، تکزاس,شلوواتر، تگزاس 33.68897 -101.99823 P PPL US TX 303 2555 1004 1006 America/Chicago 2017-03-09
5531968 Sweetwater Sweetwater SWW,Svitvoter,swwytwatr tgzas,swytwatr,Свитвотер,سوئیٹ واٹر، ٹیکساس,سوویتواتر، تگزاس,سويتواتر 32.47095 -100.40594 P PPLA2 US TX 353 10809 661 664 America/Chicago 2017-07-12
5550954 Aguila Aguila Aguila,Agujla,Canon water,a ji la,agwyla aryzwna,aqwyla aryzwna,Águila,Агуйла,آقویلا، آریزونا,اگویلا، اریزونا,阿吉拉 33.94281 -113.17408 P PPL US AZ 013 798 659 661 America/Phoenix 2011-05-14
5568325 Mountain Gate Mountain Gate Bass,Maunten-Gejt,Mauntin Gejt,Mountain Gate,Stillwater,mang ting gai te,mawntayn gyt,mawntayn qyt kalyfwrnya,Маунтен-Гейт,Маунтин Гејт,ماونتاین قیت، کالیفورنیا,ماونتاین گیت,芒廷蓋特 40.71626 -122.33167 P PPL US CA 089 943 274 278 America/Los
Angeles 2011-05-14
5645893 Columbus Columbus Columbus,Countrymans,Eagle s Nest,Kolumbus,Sheep Dip,Stillwater,Колумбус 45.63661 -109.25211 P PPLA2 US MT 095 2042 1093 1094 America/Denver 2017-03-09
5686092 White Sulphur Springs White Sulphur Springs Hot Sulphur Springs,Minnie Wabba,Uajt Sul fur Springs,Uajt Sulful Springs,Vajt Sulfer Springs,Wampum Waters,White Sulphur Spring,White Sulphur Springs,bai liu huang quan zhen,wayt salfr aspryngz mwntana,wayt swlfr sbrynghz,Вајт Сулфер Спрингс,Уайт Сульфур Спрингс,Уайт Сълфъл Спрингс,وايت سولفر سبرينغز,وایت سالفر اسپرینگز، مونتانا,白硫磺泉镇 46.54828 -110.90216 P PPLA2 US MT 059 910 1537 1534 America/Denver 2017-03-09
5740898 milton-freewater Milton-Freewater Freewater,Milton,Milton-Freewater,Milton-Friuateh,Milton-Frivoter,Miltun-Frijuotur,myltwn frywtr,Милтон-Фривотер,Милтон-Фриуатэ,Милтън-Фрийуотър,ميلتون فريوتر,میلتونفری واتر، اورگن 45.93263 -118.38774 P PPL US OR 059 7035 318 318 America/Los
Angeles 2017-03-09
5814095 Tumwater Tumwater Des Chutes,Falls River,New Market,Spa-kwatl,Tamvoter,Tumuoter,Tumuotur,Tumvoter,Tumwater,Tumwater Falls,ta mu wo te,tam watr washyngtn,tam watr washynqtwn,tamuuota,twmwatyr,Тамвотер,Тумвотер,Тумуотер,Тъмуотър,تام واتر، واشینقتون,تام واتر، واشینگتن,تومواتير,タムウォーター,塔姆沃特 47.00732 -122.90931 P PPL US WA 067 19190 53 53 America/Los
Angeles 2017-03-09
5815184 Waterville Waterville Jumper s Flat,Uoturvil,Votervil,Waterville,wo te wei er,wwtrfyl,Вотервил,Уотървил,ووترفيل,沃特維爾 47.64708 -120.07118 P PPLA2 US WA 017 1171 800 798 America/Los
Angeles 2017-03-09
5837593 Saratoga Saratoga Place of Magic water,SAA,Saratoga,asrtwwga waywmyng,sa la tuo jia,saratwgha,Саратога,Саратоґа,اسرتووگا، وایومینگ,ساراتوغا,萨拉托加 41.45496 -106.80643 P PPL US WY 007 1677 2068 2073 America/Denver 2017-03-09
7257804 Central Waterford Central Waterford Central Waterford,Central Waterford CDP,Central Waterford Census Designated Place 41.34504 -72.12948 P PPL US CT 180 80280 2887 23 29 America/New
York 2024-05-21
7261592 Lake marcel-stillwater Lake marcel-stillwater Lake marcel-stillwater, Lake marcel-stillwater CDP,Lake marcel–stillwater, Lejk marsel-stilvoter, Lejk-Marsel-Stillvoter,lak marsyl stylwatr,lyk marsl-astylwatr, lyk marsl-astylwatr washynqtwn,Лейк-Марсел-Стиллвотер,Лейк-Марсел-Стіллвотер,Лејк Марсел-Стилвотер,لاك مارسيل ستيلواتر,لیک مارسل-استیلواتر,لیک مارسل-استیلواتر، واشینقتون,لیک مارسل-وٹل واٹر، واشنگٹن 47.69263 -121.91513 P PPL US WA 033 1277 91 101 America/Los
Angeles 2011-05-14
7315302 Bluewater Village Bluewater Village 35.22716 -107.98313 P PPL US NM 006 628 2086 America/Denver 2017-03-10
7315332 springwater Hamlet springwater Hamlet 42.63499 -77.59642 P PPL US NY 051 70475 549 301 America/New
York 2017-05-23
7728583 Cordry Sweetwater Lakes Cordry Sweetwater Lakes Cordry Sweetwater Lakes,Kordraj Svitvoter Lejks,Kordri-Svitvoter-Lejks,ke de e si wei te wo te hu,Кордрај Свитвотер Лејкс,Кордри-Свитвотер-Лейкс,Кордрі-Світвотер-Лейкс,کوردری سویتواتر لیکس,کوردری سویتواتر لیکس، ایندیانا,科德略斯威特沃特湖 39.30464 -86.11837 P PPL US IN 013 30528 1128 280 284 America/Indiana/Indianapolis 2017-05-23
8299576 bridgewater Bridgewater bridgewater 40.60079 -74.64815 P PPL US NJ 035 07720 44464 57 America/New
York 2017-05-23
8480031 Waterford Waterford Central Waterford,Vaterford,Voterford,sentrala vatarapharda, Ватерфорд,Вотерфорд,واٹرفورڈ، کنیکٹیکٹ,सेन्ट्रल वाटरफर्ड 41.3417 -72.13597 P PPL US CT 180 80280 19281 9 15 America/New
York 2024-05-21
981802 louterwater Louterwater louterwater -33.80009 23.66382 P PPL ZA 05 DC10 EC109 5785 670 Africa/Johannesburg 2024-01-20
997373 Hartswater Hartswater Hartswater -27.74964 24.79712 P PPLA3 ZA 08 DC9 NC094 0 1125 Africa/Johannesburg 2012-07-12
12718854 Raaswater Raaswater -28.59337 21.1906 P PPL ZA 08 DC8 NC083 3352 783 Africa/Johannesburg 2024-01-18
water: Historical Excerpts
Ancient Egypt ‘Egypt,’ as the Greek historian Herodotus noted, ‘is the gift of the Nile.’ Egyptian civilization %vas already some three thousand years old when Herodotus visited the country c440 Bc, but his statement had long been true. The annual flooding of the Nile carried fresh soil onto the fields that bordered it, saving them from exhaustion. Nile water was also diverted to irrigate the crops, an essential expedient in a country where rain seldom fell. Finally, the Nile served as a highway linking the villages strung along its narrow valley for nearly a thousand miles from the Delta to the First Cataract. By c3000 this long ribbon of cultivated and populous territory had been brought under the control of a single ruler, the Pharaoh. Some three centuries later the pharaohs of the 4th Dynasty commanded sufficient resources and techniques to erect the pyramids. These enormous tombs (designed to preserve the pharaohs’ mummified bodies) and the inscriptions, works of art, jewelry, and furniture discovered in their secret chambers reflect the rich and orderly civilization achieved in the Nile Valley by c2700. agriculture, weaving, pottery making, wood and metal work, geometry, engineering, medicine, and hieroglyphic writing had become specialized skills. Egyptian history from cS500 to c500 may be divided into five periods. 1) Between c3500 and c2700 the scattered villages, united first into an Upper Kingdom (the river settlements) and a Lower Kingdom (the Delta communities) , were combined into a single realm. 2) The Old Kingdom dius formed, with its capital at Memphis, enjoyed a period of great splendor and artistic achievement which endured some 500 years, c2700-c2200.
General Economy Agriculture. Early peoples were skillful shepherds, farmers; well-irrigated fields yielded vegetables, grain, dates, olives, vineyards, fruit orchards; most domesticated animals now known were worked in early period; cattle were bred; oxen joined to plough; elephant may have been tamed in India, where water buffalo were used and domestic fowl believed to have originated; linen, flax, and cotton produced in Egypt; many varieties of fruits and grains grown in Fertile Crescent. Commerce. Trade developed when unfavorable agricultural conditions existed or need arose to dispose of surplus products; babylonians were early businessmen and traders; trade with Egypt flourished by 2700; phoenicians left rocky terrain for the sea cl 500; traded in metals, glass, ivory, purple dyes; bought raw materials, metals, and slaves from Lebanese in return for wool; phoenicians credited with first organized slave trade; Cretans traded their pottery, textiles, and metal goods with Egypt in 2d millennium bc; iron, tin, and silver from western Europe supplied the eastern Mediterranean; carried largely by phoenicians, leading merchant sailors by 1200; later by Greeks; silk, known in China as early as 3d millennium, carried overland to India, cl 500, later to Middle East. Finance. Barter the first universal method of exchange; gold and silver came into use at an early date; in China copper coins replaced cowrie shells as the principal measure of value; babylonians and Assyrians excellent financiers; used clay tablets; established business forms, including contracts, letters of credit, commercial loans, and receipts; taxes and rates of interest were regulated.
Ionian Science MILESIAN SCHOOL. Thales. First Greek mathematician and astronomer; journeyed to Egypt; learned geometry and Babylonian astronomy; attempted to devise method of scientific investigation; assumed unified character of all things, with water basic element of all matter; nature could be understood by reason; discovered how to calculate distance of ship at sea from observations taken from two points on land; estimated height of pyramid from length of its shadow. Anaximander. Philosopher-scientist; posited principles of natural law; anticipated evolutionary theories; suggested man adapted to environment; law of eternal motion; believed first to make a map; deduced moon shone by reflected light. Anaximenes. Philosopher-scientist; last of Milesian school; air basic substance of universe; believed earth shaped like round table or flat disc floating encompassed by air; influenced Pythagoras. Pylhagoras. Great mathematician; postulated number as essence of all things; founder of pythagorean school. Pythagoreans. Believed center of universe great ball of fire; earth, planets revolved about fixed point; credited with laying groundwork for Euclidian geometry; defined fundamental postulates and theorems; founded theoretical medicine.
MUSIC Greece Music was integral part of lyric poetry, tragic and comic drama, choral dancing, and song: relationship of music and drama, similar to modern opera; manuscript fragment of choral stasimon (stationary chorus) from euripides’ Orestes, rare example of notation: complexity of tone intervals required performance by highly skilled singers: text used by chorus in hellenistic age became less essential to movement of drama; important in conveying mood. Timotheus. c446-c357. Poet, musician of Miletus; celebrated for elaborate, complex innovations; added string to dthara; taught Euripides ‘new music.’, aristoxenus of Tarentum. fl. 4th century; foremost musical theorist; systematized, with Euclid, scales, transposition; Elements of Harmony; Elements of Rhythm. Two scliools of music existed; Phrygian, associated with Dionysus, using the aulos (double-flute or pipe), represented emotional, exciting quality of music; Dorian, the music of Apollo, using the cithara and lyre, simple, restrained melody in sharp contrast to Phrygian mode, latter gained in popularity despite disapproval of Plato and Socrates. Scales. Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian; each with ethical meaning; ethos, emotional power of melodies according to scales; Dorian, virile, energetic; Phrygian, ecstatic, religious; Lydian, effeminate, delicate. Instruments. Lyre, national instrument; cithara; magadis (harplike with ‘trumpet-like’ tone); auloi (pipes or flute, though more like modern oboe); syrinx (pipes of Pan); tympanon (hand drum); kfotola (wood or metal castanets); hydraulus (water organ) invented 2d century. Last popular among Romans, who also played tibia (pipe or bagpipe), tt/6a (trumpet), buccina (trombone) and tympanum, scabillum, cymbali, systrum, crotola, all percussion instruments.
fl. 3rd century; Wonders of the World ■ Improved common tools ■ Waterwheel used to produce power
through cross-breeding during Han rule. India la^ed behind China and the Roman Empire in transportation. It is significant that from the earliest times the most densely populated areas remained the valleys of the Ganges and the Indus and the seacoast provinces, all of which had water transportation. The question of communication between the civilized regions of the Old World is one of great interest. Wide
dioscorides, Pedacius of Cilicia. Greek physician; considered ‘father of pharmacy’; authoritative work on materia medica; systematic list of remedies. Pappus of Alexandria. Greek matliematician; author. Collection, best historical account of classical achievements in mathematics: discussed curves of double quadrature, focus of parabola, involution of points; problem of geometrical loci starting point for later research; led to analytical geometry. Diophantus of Alexandria. Greek matliematician; referred to as ‘father of algebra’; great treatise, arithmetica, first important ivork on algebra; introduced algebraic notation, many symbols; solution of cubic equation (not repeated until work of Tartaglia, Cardan) : analytical methods. Vitruvius (Marcus Vitruvius Pollio), n. reign of Augustus. Great engineer, architect, author, De architectura (10 vols.); outstanding Latin work on classical architecture; encyclopedia of physical and technical knowledge of Augustan Age; contained concrete information on construction of windmills, wheels for measuring distance, windlasses, cranes, worked by human treadmill, system of pulleys, mills, mortars, devices for raising water, ‘steelyard, ’ balancing instrument, ‘groma’ survey device. Solinus, Gaius Julius. Geographer, historian; author, collectanea rerum memorabilium, better known as Wonders of the World; history of major regions; account of religious and natural miracles associated with each area in folklore: pseudo-scientific; very popular; revised (6th century); used extensively by later compilers, especially Isidore of Seville. Technology. Romans improved common tools: saw, ax, drill, plow; waterw’heel used to produce power; development in metliod of glass-making brought glass into common usage; lanterns with glass panes known by 5th century; street lighting first introduced in Antioch; metal used for wires and hollow pipes; catapults, slings, battering rams invented earlier.
Romon Empire Architecture. Rome’s distinctive contributions were: development of the arch, dome, vault; monumental, secular utilitarian buildings, including baths, amphitheaters, triumphal arches, stadiums, forums, palaces, courthouses, libraries, apartment houses, and shops; clarity of form, simplicity yet grandeur of design. 1st Century. Pont du Gard, Nimes, beautiful early aqueduct; used principle of gravity; lower arcli supported bridge, upper series supported water channel. Colosseum. Huge amphitheater for public entertainment, gladiatorial contests; vast concrete bowl raised upon tiers of arches; seated 50,000 spectators; popular, imposing ruin. 2nd Century. Rome’s greatest period; Forum of Trojan, completed 113; uniquely Roman conception, forum was a civic project; based on unified plan of related structures and courtyards; large paved quadrangle, approached through triple archway, flanked by two arched colonnades; adjacent to square was Basilica Ulpia, rectangular hall of polychrome marble; double outside colonnades of red granite, -white marble capitals; balcony above, second tier of columns supporting roof beams; semicircular apses at either end housed courts; two libraries, one for Greek and one for Latin books. Baths. Trajan, Caracalla, and Diocletian; public buildings providing hot, cold, and tepid swimming pools, dressing rooms, g) mnasiums, lecture halls, libraries, art galleries witli statuarj and murals; cross vaulting in Baths of Trajan earliest known use of concrete; method permitted spanning of larger spaces, increasing light; influenced later arcliitecturcapartment Houses. Rome had almost 50,000 multiple dwellings by -Itli century; stairways led from shops on ground floor to living quarters above.
585, 607-08 Grand Canal linked waterways
Europe FRANKS. Adoption of successful vioslem cavalry method of mounted oldiers revolutionized society; solidiled feudal system; established military service as upper class privilege; Charles Martel increased number of horsemen by making land grants; cultivated self-sufficiency around villa or manor; continued through feudal era. NORSEMEN. scandinavian seafarers made daring, far-ranging expeditions in swiftest ships of time; propelled by both sails and oars; established trading settlements at Novgorod, Kiev; given dukedom in France (Normandy); capital at Rouen, one of busiest, most beautiful cities in country; explored, settled Iceland, Greenland; crossed Atlantic under Leif Ericson, 1 0th century. ITALY. Venetian Commerce. flourishing trade with Byzantine Empire; Venice assumed leadership of country; large fleet of armed galleys, powerful aristocracy of mercliants. Byzantine Empire Code of Justinian. Greatest achievement; systematized Roman law; compact form made knowledge and duplication practical; four works, known as Corpus Juris Civilis, compiled by Tribonian and leading jurists; included: Code, brought Roman law up to date; Digest, leading legal opinions of Roman jurists; Institutes, introductoiy textbook and discussion of principles; Supplement, addition of subsequent laws; basis of European and American legal and political systems. Commerce. Under Justinian, famous Byzantine silks, produced in constantinople, superseded Chinese product; for 500 years, Byzantium most prosperous, civilized state of Europe and western Asia; dominated economic life around eastern mediterranean, Black Sea; provided stimulus to European trade; expanded into Africa; with decline in maritime commerce following Moslem conquests, overland trade routes through Asia Minor substituted; merchants from nortlicrn countries used water routes. neOCS TOUOWCu; anu 1.. wo
America During this period the New Empire of the Mayan people had its finest flowering in northern Yucatan. A league of three city states (chichdnitza, Mayapan, and Uxmal) maintained order and prosperity, and Mayan art and architecture reached new levels of achievement. By 1200, however, this Mayan civilization began to fall under the influence of the Toltecs of Mexico; Toltec garrisons occupied some of the cities and local rivalries and struggles brought a weakening and finally a decline of the Mayan Empire. By 1250 a new people, the Aztecs, had established themselves on the Mexican plateau. They assimilated the culture developed by earlier peoples there and borrowed some Mayan techniques. Their influence expanded steadily. Farther north the Pueblo culture reached its height in these centuries. Its most advanced centers were situated in the area between the headwaters of the Rio Grande and the lower Colorado rivers. In the Andean region of South America the Incas began to extend their influence over the peoples already established there, whose culture was almost as advanced as that of the Mayas. By 1250 the Inca conquests, spreading out from their capital at Cuzco and the shores of Lake Titicaca, embraced most of the area of present-day Peru. The Incas consolidated their conquests by constructing roads, encouraging agriculture, and resettling troublesome groups in new areas where they could be more easily watched and controlled.
Western Europe Technology. Water wheels, introduced earlier, used by llth century to grind flour, move forge bellows, operate saws, pump water; windmills first appeared, late 12th century; early ones, horizontal axles with sails; popular on plains of northwestern Europe where water power was inadequate; wheelbarrow introduced, late 12 th century. Bridges. Benezet, member of order of Fr^res Pontifes, travelers’ aid society, bridge-builder group, credited with famed bridge at Avignon, 117886; Barathieri designed Rialto, Venice, 1178; London Bridge rebuilt in stone, 1176-1209; begun by Peter of Colechurch, priest-engineer; completed by Isemburt, trained under Benezet, Gothic Cathedrals. Monuments of engineering skill; development of glass industry through chemical experimentation made possible magnificent stained glass windows of cathedrals. ITALY. Leonardo of Pisa (fibonacci) Foremost mathematician of Middle Ages; scholar chiefly influential in introduction of Arabic numerals into Europe; author. Liber abaci (Book of the Abacus), 1202; important use of zero; long standard work on algebra and arithmetic; Practica geomelriae, 1220, expanded existing knowledge of geometry and trigonometry; known for ‘fibonacci series.’ constantine the African. Earliest reputable translator of Moslem medicine into Latin; believed born in Carthage; worked in Salerno with Italian physicians, teaching them medicine of Islam; retired to benedictine monastery. Others. Roger of Salerno (cl 180) performed cranial operation; Roland of Parma (cl 250) operated on ruptured lung; Hugh of Lucca (cl 170cl240), Theodoric of Bologna (cl 20588) established famed medical, surgical school, Bologna,
fl. 1299-1303 Kuo Shou-ching-r-1231-1316 water-power applied to silk working machines,
Wu Chen. 1280-1354. Hermit master of Yuan Dynasty; poet-painter whose poems were an integral part of compositions; landscapes have old, gnarled trees, bare hills, and rugged rocks; master of light and shade; dry brush technique, using mosslike dots. Ch ien Hsuan. 1235-90. Last of old Academy scliool of painters; flowers, birds. Kuan Tao-jfh, Lady. Sung literary painter of bamboos, plum blossoms, orchids, and rocks in black ink; famed woman artist. JAPAN. Mincho. Artist of Muromadii Period; Zen Buddhist priestpainter at Tofukuji monastery, Kyoto; achieved fame witir set of 50 religious paintings, each of which depicts 10 Rakan (wise men); technique impres-, sionistic, despite subject matter; innovator in use of color, broadness of style, and use of thick watercolor as medium for painting. Mokuan. Priest-painter; worked in China during Yuan Dynasty and studied Zen Buddhism; master of suiboku art; first great sumi-e or ink paintings by a Japanese artist; gained recognition in China and died tliere. Takashina Takakane. Painted 20 scrolls on silk, kasugd-gongen-reikenki, 1309, illustrating miracles whidr had occurred at famous Kasuga shrine. Bompo. 1348-C1420. Known for ink. monochrome paintings of orchids; influenced by Chinese artist, Hsiiehch’uang. Myotaku. 1307-88. Zen priest; paintings of Fudo in ink outline. ‘Golden Pavilion of Kinkauji built at Kyoto, 1397. America Aztecs built capital, tenodititlan, with magnificent sculpture as part of architecture.
collected tribute without difficulty, the Chinese did not follow up these I5tli century ventures. By the century s dose the Portuguese had rounded the Cape of Good Hope and invaded the waters die Qiincse had abandoned. Tlie European voyages at die close of the 15th century opened a new age in global history. For the fin: time western Europe assumed a primary role in the world, drama,
Global perspectives The land areas of the globe comprise less than 30 per cent of its surface. The two largest land masses, Eurasia (nearly 21 million square miles) and Africa (over 11 million square miles) are linked by a land bridge at the Isthmus of Suez. The third and fourth largest. North America (over 8 million square miles) and South America (nearly 7 million square miles) are likewise joined by a narrow land bridge, the Isthmus of Panama. These evident facts are stressed because of the important influence they have had on human communication. In distant times a third land link existed and joined Asia to North America at Bering Strait: this 56-mile strait is still less than 300 feet deep. Until recent centuries the oceans formed a major barrier to human and animal migration. The inland seas were navigated first, and primitive men learned to venture along the coasts of the continents. But the great ocean spaces apparently remained unexplored until some 5 centuries ago. This supposition implies that the civilizations of the Old World and the New arose independently. The paleolithic hunters who peopled the Americas from Asia must, in these circumstances, have paralleled some 3000 years later the steps by which the peoples of the Old World evolved an urban culture, compiled a calendar, and invented symbols for writing. It is impossible to prove that no contacts existed and no exchange of knowledge or techniques occurred. On the contrary, there is evidence that ocean voyages of considerable length did occur from paleolithic times. Australia, New Zealand, and many far-flung islands of the Pacific were discovered and occupied before the Europeans visited them. These feats of navigation by primitive peoples make it difficult to reject the possibility that other voyages besides the Vikings may have touched American shores before Columbus set sail. The Emropeans owed their conquest of the oceans to improved technology. By the 15th century, ships had been developed with stempost rudders and sails that permitted them to tack against the wind. They were of sufficient size and could be managed by it small enough crews that they could carry food and fresh water for long voyages. The compass and compass card kept them on course. Gunpowder and cannon protected them from attack. The Europeans invented none of
1 600 First waterworks in London
Middle East OTTOMAN EMPIRE. The Turkish naval posver in the mediterranean suffered a severe defeat when a Christian fleet (Spanish, Venetian, and papal vessels) destroyed an Ottoman fleet off Lepanto (navpactos) , in Greek waters (1571). Despite heavy losses the Turks speedily rebuilt their navy. On their eastern frontier, they warred with Persia and occupied mesopotamia, but their success there declined as Shah Abbas the Great (15871629) strengthened the Persian army. Asia INDIA. Akbar (1556-1605) greatest of tlie Mogul emperors, reunited northern India, won Bengal from the Afghans, and conquered Gujarat. His tolerant religious policy reconciled his non-Moslem subjects. CHINA. The reign of the Ming emperor Shen Tsung (1573-1620) was marked by high scholarship and culture, but the Ming Dynasty, like others before it, was beginning to lose energy. Attacks by the Mongols in the nortlmest and of the Japanese in Korea were repelled with difficulty. Christian missionaries (Matteo Ricci) Avere tolerated but made relatively few converts. The Christian claims to exclusive religious truth alienated Chinese thinkers %vho tolerated various beliefs. Tibetan Buddhism gained ground (the Mongols recognized the Dalai Lama as the ‘universal’ lama) JAPAN. Trade and piracy made the Japanese powerful in the 16th century, and the years from 1568 to 1600 brought closer political integration. Nagasaki, opened to foreign trade, became a leading center. Hideyoshi, a successful general, succeeded (15821598) in unifying Japan, and decided (1597) to expel the Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries as trouble-makers.
•^ALY, Porta, giambattista dello. Physicist; credited ■with inventing camera obscura, described in Magiae naturalis (Natural Magic), 1569; founder, scientific group called Accademia Secretorum Naturae, Naples; exponent of esoteric experimentation. Eustachi, Bartolomeo. Anatomist; described many structures of human body, including eustacliian tube of ear, adrenal glands, thoracic duct, uterus, kidneys; investigated structure, development of teeth; Tabulae ariatomwae, 1552, remarkable set of anatomical drawings (pub. 1714). caesalplnus, Andreas (cesalpino) Physician, botanist; chief work, De planlis, 1583, first classification of plants according to their fruits; first systematic scheme of botanical classification (so considered by Linnaeus); ahead of his time with tlieory of blood circulation. Fallopius (Gabriele Fallopio) 152362. Anatomist: pupil, successor to Vesalius, Padua; discovered Fallopian tubes. FRANCE. Palissy, Bernard, cl 510c89. \Yrote important work on fossil remains of fishes and shells, 1580, concluding that places ivhere fossils were found had once been covered by sea or fresh water, a step toward rational geology. Rondelet, Guillaume. 1507-66. Naturalist, knorvn especially for studies of fish of mediterranean waters. Asia CHINA. Li Shih-chen. \Vrote outstanding scientific work of Ming period, Pen Tshao Kang Mu, 1578 (pub. 1596); described pharmaceutical value of 1,000 plants and 1,000 animals; discussed distillation, smallpox inoajlation, use of mercury and iodine; 8,000 prescriptions; illustrated with 1,100 woodcuts. Sung Ying-hsing. Wrote T/tien Kung Khai IFw, technological treatise^ describing everytype of manufacturing process.
{ISlS-iS ) as car. Bussian colonists v ho hod been penetrating Siberia for a century reached the Pcdfic. The Ottoman (Turkish) Empire began a long decline. The Mogul Empire continued to dominate northern India while Dutch and English traders largely supplanted the Portuguese in East Indian waters. The Ming xulem of China were threatened by the advance of Manchurian tribes and supplanted (1644) by the Ch ing (Monchu) Dynasty. Japan expelled European traders and missionaries and isolated itself. In America the English settled in Virginia (Jamestown, 1607) and massachusetts (Plymouth, 1620), while the French made good their claim to the St. Lawrence region, founding ejoehee (1608) and Montreal (1642). The Dutch settled in the Hudson Valley and also ciiemptcd to wrest BraiU from the Portuguese but were subsequently expelled from both areas.
Central Europe GERMANY. Kepler, Johannes. Astronomer; influenced by Copernicus; author, Mysterium cosmographicam, 1596; de cometis; Harmonice mundi (Harmony of the World); Diotrice, 1611, foundation of modern optics; Rudolphine Tables, 1627, last important work, remained standard for century. Schetner, Christoph. Astronomer, mathematician: observations of sunspots, published 1612, led to controversy with Galileo; made over 2,000 observations of sun, {Rosa ursina, 1630); pioneer research on physiology of vision, O cuius, 1619. Guericke, Otto von. Physicist, noted for study of pneumatics; first air pump, 1650; invented machine to generate electricity. Glauber, Johann. Alchemist; made practical advances in analytical chemistry; work in metallurgy, distillation; anticipated modern concepts of chemical affinity and decomposition; prepared chemical compounds. BELGIUM. Helmonf, Jon, Physician, chemist; originated word gas to designate aeriform fluids; regarded water as prime element; discovered carbon dioxide; important influence on Sylvius. NETHERLANDS. Snellios, Willebrord (Snell) Mathematician; discovered law of refraction, 1621; invented triangulation, eratoslhemes Batavus, 1617; cyctometricus, 1621. Drebbet, Cornells van. Invented first navigable submarine, 1620; reputed inventor of optical instruments and improved thermometer. Asia CHINA. Chu Tsai-yu wrote To Lu Ch’iian Shu (Collected Works on Music and Acoustics), published cl 610, showing that the intervals for an equal-tempered scale are found by taking the 12th root of 2. Hsu fCwan-eh i. Author of Nung Cheng Ch uan Shu (encyclopedia of agriculture), 1640, with excellent woodcut illustrations.
tlie southern frontier from the Caucasus to the Sea of Japan. 4. Deficiencies. Russia was still seriously handicapped in the IStli century by the severity of its climate and the lack of transportation (‘our greatot enemy is space’) Other handicaps were the ignorance and illiteracy oj tlie masses, the incfficicnc) of an agri cultural s)’stem operated by serf labor, tlie lack of warm-water pons, the ab
America BRITISH COLONIES. With the Peace of Utreclit the British took a long stride towards ultimate domination of North America. recognition of dieir claims to the Hudson Bay region, newfoundland, and Acadia (Nova Scoti.a) endangered New France to which the St. Lawrence River was an essential waterway. Ttventy years later (1733) the establishment of a new British colony (Georgia), in the disputed territory between the Carolinas and Spanish Florida, brought the total to thirteen. In 1754 Georgia became a royal colony. FRENCH COLONIES. Aside from the fur trade Canada proved of little profit to France, and the tvhite population in the French West Indies (guadeloupe, Martinique, western Haiti) exceeded that of New France in tlie early 18th century. Efforts to secure French hold on Louisiana and the mississippi Valley led to the foundation of Mobile (1711) and New Orleans (1718). Farther north the French extended their posts around the Great Lakes and La Wrendrye explored what is now midwestern Canada and the Missouri basin (173142) The indecisive struggle of 174048, in whidi British colonial forces captured Louisbourg, only to see it restored to France in 1748, sharpened the anglo-french rivalry. SPANISH AMERICA. British assaults on Spanish colonies in the conflicts of 1701-13 and 1739-48 had little success. Plans for the capture of La Guaira, Cartagena, Porto Bello, and Saint Augustine all miscarried, and of 6 ships dispatclied around Cape Horn (1740) to attack Spanish commerce and colonies in the Pacific only 1 returned.
Western Europe ENGLAND. Maclaurin, Colin. Scottish mathematician, natural philosopher; outstanding, versatile scientist; authority on tides, fiuxional calculus. Treatise on Fluxions, 1742, and conception of level surfaces; Treatise on Algebra, published, 1748. Taylor, Brook. Mathematician; known for Taylor s theorem, complex mathematical formula on functions, and basis of differential calculus; Linear perspective, 1715, first expounded principle of vanishing points; work on center of oscillation, 1708, published later. Hauksbee, Francis. Physicist; believed to have invented first electrical macliine, 1706; determined relative weights of air and water; experimentalist. Hales, Stephen. Physiologist; made first measure of blood pressure; work with plants on transpiration, root pressure, circulation of sap, and relationship between green plants and air; advanced chemistry by improved methods of handling gases; observed gas can exist free or combined. Hartley, David. Founder, associational psychology; author. observations on Man (2 vols.) 1749, explaining all mental phenomena as due to sensations arising from vibrations of white medullary substance of brain and spinal cord; whole mind consequence of associations of simple sensations. Newcomen, Thomas. Inventor of atmospheric steam engine, 1705; worked
with Savery who had similar patent. Gray, Stephen, d. 1736. First to divide substances into electrics and nonelectrics; discovered static electricity can be transferred from one body to another by contact. Moivre, Abraham de. 1667-1754. french-english mathematician; contributed to trigonometry and law of probabilities; mathematical theorems. Others. Lady Mary Wortley Montague introduced smallpox inoculation, 1708; John Harrison invented shin chronometer, pridiron nendu
A growing opposition to mercantilism resulted in the development of new economic theories. Quesnay, leader of the physiocrats, under the influence of the popular concept of natural law. suggested that commerce be liberated from state interference, proposed a single tax, and stressed the need for the protection of individual rights in economy and society. Adam Smith s great classic. Wealth of NaUons. established the influenUal doctrine of laissez-faire. New canals facilitated inland transportation and stimulated commerce. technological developments, such as Hargreaves spinning jenny, Arkwright s water frame, Crompton s mule, Cartwright s power loom. Watt s steam engine, and Whitney s cotton gin, heralded the industrial revolution.
ENGLAND. Cavendish, Henry. Chemist; first to recognize tme nature of hydrogen; discovered water results from union of hydrogen and oxygen; composition of nitric acid; anticipated researcli in electricity of Coulomb and Faraday; used ‘inch of electricity’ as unit of measurement; devised experiment for measuring density of the e-irdi, 1798. Hcrschel, Friedrich (Sir William). Astronomer; discovered planet Uranus, 1781; laid foundations of modern physical astronomy; determined a motion of the solar system as a whole toward a point in constellation Hercules; catalogued 800 double stars and more than 2,000 nebulae; founder of sidereal science. Black, Joseph. Scottish cliemist, physician; knotvn for theories of latent heat, specific heat; discovered fixed air’ (carbon dioxide). Hutton, James. Scottish geologist; fundamental idea that past can be explained by present; A Theory of Earth, 1785, turning point in geology. Priestley, Joseph. Chemist; father of pneumatic cliemistry; discovered ’dcpidogisticated air,’ later named oxygen by Lavoisier, 1774; discovered nitric oxide, and decomposition of ammonia by electricity, 1781. Romford, Count Benjamin Thompson. american-british scientist known for heat theory based on movement of particles; a founder. Royal Institute. Hunter, John. Scottish anatomist, surgeon; pioneer, comparative anatomy and morphology; introduced new surgical techniques, including ligature. Jenner, Edward. Physician; inoculation against smallpox; promoted new science of preventive medicine. Watt, James. 1736-1819. Scottish meclianical engineer, inventor; knoxvn for improvements on steam engine; invented modern condensing steam engine, 1765. Edwards, George. 1693-1773. Father of ornithology; History of Birds, 1743-51.
Western Europe SPAIN. Goya y tucienfes, Francisco Jos6 de. Great master; court painter; exceptional portraits, penetrating characterizations; jewel-like color; Maja paintings celebrated; extraordinary etchings, lithographs, wash drawings; La Caprichos (The Caprices), political, social satire of intense power; important influence. ENGLAND. Reynolds, Sir Joshua. Extremely successful portrait artist; president, Royal Academy; leading figure in art and literary circles. gainsborough, Thomas. Portrait and landscape artist; influenced by Dutch; one of first to depict English landscape; direct, simple style. Blake, William. Unique artist, poet, mystic; famous for etchings on copper plates; exquisite water colors; primarily biblical subjects. Adam, Robert, and James Adam, 1730-94. Scottish architects, brothers; designed and built many important structures; Robert created classical style for interior d<5cor and furniture. chippendale, Thomas. cl718-79. Cabinetmaker; furniture designer. hepplewhite, George, d. 1786. cabinetmaker, furniture designer. Sheraton, Thomas. 1751-1806. Furniture designer; author. Wedgwood, Josiah. 1730-95. One of greatest English potters; pieces in museums; worked for Catherine of Russia. Brown, Lancelot. 1715-83. Founder, naturalistic sclrool of landscape design. ITALY. Tiepolo, Giovanni. Venetian artist; known for pen and wash drawings; influenced Goya, German art; famed for frescoes used as interior decorations. Guardi, Francesco. 1712-93. Venetian; famed ^phic artist; knorvn for brilliant, colorful pageants. Piranesi, Giovanni. 1720-78. Architect. engraver; arcliitectural designs known for accuracy and grandeur; famous for engravings of buildings and momimcms of ancient and modem Rome; Caceri plates. longhi, Pietro (Falca). 1702-85. Venetian; vivadous genre paintings.
1815; The Hundred Days; Waterloo; exile. Saint Helena; death
During the first fifteen years of the 19th century Napoleon kept Europe in turmoil Hs ambitious exploits dazzling his friends and dismaying his enemies. Having restored Francs to order after a decade of revolutionary excess, he extended his sway over most of Euroo by defeating successive coalitions. But the pressure of British sea power, guerilla reshtance in Spain, and a reckless invasion of Russia (1812) hastened the collapse of his international empire (1813). When Paris fell (1814) he abdicated and was exiled to Elbohis escape and return to France for the Hundred Days was a last flight of the eagle thot ended at Waterloo (1815). This time he was exiled to Saint Helena where ho died (1821). The restoration Settlement ratified by the Congress of Vienna (1814-15) was a conservative attempt to safeguard Europe ageunst further republicanism and revolution. The four victorious powers
Eostern Europe RUSSIA. During the early years of the French Revolution Russia remained neutral. Czar Paul I (17961801) joined the 2nd Coalition (1798) but lost faith in his allies (Austria and Britain) and withdrew (1799). Bonaparte tvas seeking an accord with Russia when Paul was assassinated (1801). Alexander I (1801-25), Paul’s son, rejoined Austria and Britain in the 3rd Coalition (1805-06). The army Napoleon had assembled at Boulogne to threaten Britain was hurled against the Austrians and Russians instead (Battles of Ulm and Austerliu) and Austria made peace (Pressburg, 1805). Prussia (with Russian encouragement) then declared war on France and was defeated (1806). Napoleon sought out the Russians (Eylau and Friedland, 1807) met Alexander at Tilsit, and made a francorussian alliance. Austria rebelled in 1809 but was defeated. napoleon’s plans for recreating Poland alienated Alexander, and Napoleon marclied on Moscow (1812) but lost most of his army. In 1813-14 a 4th Coalition of the powers defeated him (Battle of the Nations), and he abdicated. His return from Elba for a ‘last flight of the Eagle’ ended at Waterloo (1815). At the Congress of Vienna (1814-15) the victors approved the return of the Bourbons to France (Louis XVHI) and Spain (Ferdinand VII). Austria, well represented by Mettemich, regained the leading influence in Italy and the Germanics (Germanic Confederation). Holland and Belgium were united as the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Russia kept Ffnland, and Sweden took Norway from Denmark. conservatism triumphed and tlie European balance of power was restored.
United States Westward expansion followed Louisiana Purchase, 1803, which doubled size of country and achieved control of mississippi River; by 1810, more than a million settlers had pushed across Alleghenies; road construction resulted in chartering of hundreds of turnpike companies; South Carolina, Georgia produced fourth of American cotton exports; 58 new state banks opened as business rise called for more credit; Embargo, nonintercourse Acts (protective tariffs) failed; economic boom resulted from exports to embattled Europe; and 2nd Bank chartered, 1816; by 1819, boom collapsed as U. S. shared world-wide depression; Land Law passed, 1820 (public lands.25 an acre), abolished credit system which had encouraged overpurchase of land with resulting price decline; Marshall decision, 1824, prohibited monopolies on interstate waters; Marbury vs. Madison, 1803, established principle of judicial review. Central and Eastern Europe GERMANY. Prussia undertook reforms guided by Baron vom Stein and Prince von Hardenberg, who reorganized civil service, reformed taxation and financial system, abolished serfdom; multiple tariff systems replaced by uniform system, and internal customs duties abolished, in attempt to free trade. RUSSIA. Law, 1803, permitted landlords to liberate serfs if they wished to do so; important cliiefly as first government move toward emancipation. Middle East Mohammed Ali, governor of Egypt, organized state monopolies of trade, introduced production of cotton and hemp, and developed irrigation system.
ENGLAND. Turner, Joseph. Great Romantic artist; outstanding seascapes; painting of Calais Pier, 1802, established fame; toward end of life, attempted to create atmosphere by experimenting with light and space; last period showed stronger color, freer and more personal expression; nature reflected emotion; watercolors, etchings. Constable, John. distinguished landscape artist; spans periods; concerned with truth of vision; one of first to paint from nature; Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop s Garden, 1826, considered masterpiece; acclaimed in Paris, 1824; influenced Delacroix. Barry, Sir Charles. 1795-1860. Architect; leader in use of Gothic style; known for westminster Palace (Houses of parliament) London, 1840-60, Pugin, Augustus. Architect, writer; important influence in Gothic Revival with The True Principles of Pointed or Christian architecture, 1841; worked under Sir Charles Barry on Houses of Parliament. Central Europe GERMANY. Rauch, Christian. Sculptor; influenced by Thorvaldsen; renowned for portraits, monuments; equestrian statue of Frederick the Great, portrait bust of Albrecht Diirer, masterpieces. Menzel, Adolph. Foremost lithographer; illustrator, painter; best known for 400 designs for wood blocks that illustrate Kugler’s History of Frederick the Great, 1840; amazing master of detail; illustrated works by Frederick the Great, Goethe, and Kleist; self-taught genre and historical painter; important as early example of modern approach to light and motion, eliminating anecdotal details; studies of industrial factories; pen and ink drawings.
Asia JAPAN. Hiroshige, Ando. Painter, world renowned print-maker; combined landscape motifs with genre painting, ancient scroll painting with modern realistic techniques; most important prints depicted landscapes, snow scenes, or rain, mist and moonlight; also noted for portrayal of powerful birds, fish, and delicate flowers; unusual knowledge of perspective. United States Cole, Thomas. Landscape artist; pioneer of Hudson River School; created dramatic yet lyrical mood, using romantic realism; early works expressed loneliness of untamed forests; In the Catskills, 1837, The Roman Campagna, 1843, masterpieces. Audubon, John James. Artist-naturalist; water color, crayon mixture best medium; known for studies of nature; published The Birds of America (4 vols.) 1827-38, Quadrupeds of America, 1845; though not great art or scientifically expert, works had charm and represented outstanding achievement. Bingham, George Caleb. Great frontier artist; original yet typical scenes of American life painted with dramatic simplicity; known for The Fur Traders Descending the Missouri, Raftsmen Playing Cards, The Jolly Flatboatmen. Sully, Thomas. Portrait painter; influenced by Stuart and West; historical paintings never equaled; portraits numbering almost 2,000; brilliant technique, but little emotional depth. Catlin, George. Western artist; known for paintings of -Indians and scenes of wild, untamed West. Peale, Rembrandt. Portrait artist; interesting graphics; influential. Mount, William S. 1807-68. Genre painter; studied only in America; exceptional technical skill; subtle lucidity. ^. Hicks, Edward. 1780-1849. Primitive (self-taught); Quaker preacher; famous for paintings of The Peaceable Kingdom, biblical theme of lion and lamb lying down together in peace.
Global perspectives The 3rd quarter of the 19th century was distinguished by a remarkable advance in the speed and safety of transportation and rapidity of communication. The economic, social, and political consequences proved so dynamic and far-reaching that this ‘transportation revolution’ might be considered the most general and fundamental trend of the period. Between 1850 and 1875 the world’s merchant fleet doubled from c9 million to cl 8 million gross tons, but only one-seventh of this shipping was steam-driven in 1875. By 1900 the world total had risen to 30 million tons and three-quarters was steamdriven. In other words, the steamship tonnage increased almost 10-fold in the last 25 years of the 19th century. Steam superseded sail because of the greater speed, safety, regularity, and economy of the steamship. Rising traffic made it expedient to construct some major canals. The ‘Soo Canals’ between lakes Superior and Huron (1857 and 1895) carried more tonnage than any other artificial waterway. The Suez Canal (1869) almost halved the shipping route from Europe to Asia. The Kiel Canal (1895) shortened the distance from the North to the Baltic Sea. The Panama Canal (1914) linked the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. At Suez and Panama modern engineering provided substitutes for the long-sought Northeast and Northwest Passage. On land the railroad introduced a comparable revolution in the same period. World railroad mileage, c25,000 in 1850, and cl 75,000 in 1875, rose 325,000 in the next quarter-century, reaching half a million miles by 1900. Speed in communication was likewise revolutionized. The first telegraph lines dated from the 1840’s, the first undersea cables from the 1850’s and 1860’s, the first telephone lines from the 1870’s. Sailing ships had often been delayed for days or even weeks by calms or by adverse winds. Steamships made dependable schedules possible. The 5week Atlantic passage of the early 19th century fell to 5 days in the early 20th. Faster ships also, meant that each could make more trips in a given time. This helps to explain why, with the world’s ship tonnage increasing 5-fold in the 19th century, the value of international trade could increase 20-fold. On land the steam engine speeded
Western Europe FRANCE. Manet, Edouard. Brilliant artist; extremely important as pioneer impressionist and plein-air painter; vigorous, dramatic effects gained by an economy of means; not interested in light as such, but achieved recession and depth by subtle use of color intensities rather than by linear perspective; influenced by Courbet, Velasquez, and Japanese prints introduced into Europe; gained only limited recognition during lifetime; best known works. The Guitarist, The Dead Toreador, The Picnic, Olympia, The Railroad, Boating. Daumier, Honore. Great lithographer, highly individual artist; chose Don Quixote and humble people as subjects; The Third Class Carriage, 1860’s. Courbet, Gustave. Objective Realist; important for direct, forceful rendition of nature; extreme individualist; fine portraits; The Meeting, The Woman with the Mirror, Spring Flowers. Corot, Jean Baptiste Camille. 17961875. outstanding figure studies painted late in life; A Young Woman, 1870, searching characterization. Millet, Jean Fransois. Romantic Realist; famed for peasant studies, considered revolutionary as subject matter; stability, movement, sympathy characterized work; The Gleaners, The Angelus, famous works. Daubigny, Charles. Landscape artist; atmospheric scenes of water. Barye, Antoine. distinguished sculptor; famed for wild animal studies. viollet-le-duc, Eugene. Architect, writer; exponent of Gothic revival; internationally known for restorations; wrote several art books which he illustrated. Dore, Gustave. Illustrator; imaginative, dramatic drawings for Divine Comedy, Don Quixote; successful. Carpeaux, Jean Baptiste. 1827-75. Baroque, classic sculptor; The Dance, at Paris Opera. Meryon, Charles. 1821-68.,. Etcher o£ incomparable tedinique; EauxFortes sur Paris, 1850-54, best-known ork.
Whistler, James McNeill. Highly individual decorative impressionist; influenced by Courbet, velasquez’ color, and Japanese; expatriate, living most of his life in England; known for ‘arrangements, ’ ‘symphonies, ’ and ‘nocturnes’; concerned primarily with color, form, and design, elegance of style; famous for arrangement in Grey and Black (his mother). Nocturne in Black and Gold, The Falling Rocket; portrait of Carlyle; Thames series of etchings. Eakins, Thomas. Objective Realist; interested in science; painted famous Clinic of Dr. Gross, made studies of arrested motion; unconventional, pessimistic interpretation of life; penetrating portraits; The Chess Players, Max Schmitt in a Single Scull.; Ryder, Albert. outstanding artist; grandeur of design; small canvases; luminosity, subtle color, depth of feeling; moonlight and sea predominate; highly imaginative, atmospheric; Toilers of the Sea, Death on a Pale Horse. Sargent, John Singer. distinguished portrait artist; brilliant treatment of texture; unimaginative, facile. Homer, Winslow. Objective Realist; late works outstanding; heroic studies of men at work; famed marines;, charming water colors; imaginative response to nature; The northeaster, The Fox Hunt, Breezing Up. Sullivan, Louis. Superior architect; important in evolution of modern architecture in U. S.; stressed princip e, that outward form should express function of building; ornamentation highly original; unrecognized by con
Central ond Eosiern Europe GERMANY. Kandinsky, Vasily. Great Russian abstract artist; worked in Germany and Paris; helped initiate German Expressionism; outstanding teacher at the Bauhaus; believed that art should reflect the abstract quality of absolute music; painted numbered, untitled improvisations, Compositions; author of influential The Art of Spiritual Harmony, 1910. Klee, Paul. Swiss artist; nonrepresentational abstract expression of nature, human values; subtle color; notable pen and ink drawings, water colors; stressed importance of creating with ‘innocent eye of a child.’ Gropius, Walter. Architect, artist; founder, designer of Bauhaus; creator of ‘functionalism’; highly influential. Nolde, Emil. 1867-1956. Expressionist: leader Die Brilcke^ (Bridge) group: interpreted folk tradition in terms of modern, individual expression. Marc, Franz. 1880-1916. Founder, with Kandinsky, Blaue Reiter (Blue Rider); colorful animal studies. Lehmbruck, Wilhelm. 1881-1919. expressionist sculptor, known for elongated figures. Grosz, George. 1893GermanAmerican artist; famed satirical pen and ink drawings of postwar Germany, in tradition of Goya and Daumier, NETHERLANDS. Mondrian, Piet. Leader of geometrical abstraction known as Neoplasticism; led group called De Stijl (Style) with Van Doesburg; influenced Bauhaus and international style of architecture, industrial design. Oud, Jacobus J. P. 1890Architect; De Stijl group. NORWAY. Munch, Edvard. Leading early Expressionist; powerful graphics. AUSTRIA. Kokoschka, Oscar,1886-. Expressionist; portraits, landscapes. RUSSIA. Chagall, Marc. 1887‘ : Expressionist: precursor. Surrealism; Paris school; fantasy; brilliant color. Malevich, Kasimir. 1878-1935. Suprematist; geometrical abstraction. ROMANIA. Brancusi, Constantin. 1876-1957. Abstract sculptor; Paris,,. :chnol..ij.,,.:,
United States Wright, Frank Lloyd. Great American architect; first to use open planning in houses, breaking from closed volume: flexible floor -plan with advancing, receding areas; important world influence, particularly with philosophy of architecture, many innovations; probably, most important contribution United States has made to world art. prendergast, Maurice. Landscape artist; impressionist; famed water colors; member, ‘The Eight’ or.‘Ashcan School’; group exhibited, 1908. Henri, Robert. Leader of ‘The Eight’; most important as teadier; emphasized technique not enough. Bellows, George. Member ‘Asiican School’; lithographer; strong works, interest in movement. Other members of ‘The Eight’; John Sloan, George Luks, William Glackens, Arthur Davies, Everett, Shinn, Reginald Marsh., Weber, Max. Versatile artist; studied in Paris; influenced by Cubists, expressionism; The Geranium, lOlh New York at Night, noted work. Marin, John. Famous waterrcolor artist; early work reflects Paris influence; Lower Manhattan, 1922. Feininger, Lybnel. Artist, illustrator; studied in Europe; taught at Bauhaus; semi-abstract, subtle color and design. Others: Joseph Stella, Italian futurist who worked in New York; Marsden Hartley, Man Ray, Walter Pach, Mor, ton Schamberg, Charles Sheeler, Alfred Maurer, Bernard Karfiol,, Maurice Sterne, Charles Demuth, Morgan Russell, Stanton Macdonald-Wright.. Asia JAPAN. Takeuchi Seiho. Attempted to introduce modern technique to Japanese painting; excellent sumi-fp (ink picture or ink monochrome), used fresh sense of color along light, delicate line. \, Yamamoto Kanae. Pioneer in new. movement of creative print-maker, , with Hakutei Ishii and others, pu lished magazine Hosuh, 1907;, ■WU’, in Europe; organizer hanga artists. ■
theories on the nature of the universe propounded, including those of Hoyle, England, and Shapley, United States; improved stellar photography, radio telescopy, spectrum analysis, and building of great 200-incli telescope, Mt. Palomar, California, have aided research; planet Pluto discovered, 1930. General. Important work on control of weatlter; attempts to find solution to Asorld water problems; new instruments in this ‘age of me^ianics’ included gyropilots, electron microscopes, electronic calculating machines, etc; work in agronomy, -genetics, syn^^ ^ ^ stry, and pest control to tu a^culture; attempts to ‘shoot the moon’ with rockets, 1958.
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traceroute to 18.97.14.90 (18.97.14.90), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets 1 100.100.1.1 (100.100.1.1) 0.676 ms 0.644 ms 0.638 ms 2 100.88.255.254 (100.88.255.254) 1.180 ms 1.436 ms 1.445 ms 3 10.255.254.173 (10.255.254.173) 2.522 ms 10.255.254.153 (10.255.254.153) 1.154 ms 10.255.254.173 (10.255.254.173) 2.505 ms 4 172.31.255.2 (172.31.255.2) 8.272 ms 8.301 ms 8.296 ms 5 10.255.200.114 (10.255.200.114) 11.030 ms 11.064 ms 11.051 ms 6 * sto-b9-link.ip.twelve99.net (62.115.196.193) 30.967 ms 30.741 ms 7 sto-bb2-link.ip.twelve99.net (62.115.139.186) 53.972 ms 53.917 ms 54.011 ms 8 kbn-bb6-link.ip.twelve99.net (62.115.139.173) 54.290 ms 55.964 ms 54.291 ms 9 * ewr-bb2-link.ip.twelve99.net (80.91.254.91) 113.531 ms 113.733 ms 10 nyk-b17-link.ip.twelve99.net (62.115.137.15) 117.254 ms 116.759 ms * 11 * * * 12 * * * 13 * * * 14 * * * 15 * * * 16 * * * 17 * * * 18 * * * 19 * * * 20 * * * 21 * * * 22 * * * 23 * * * 24 * * * 25 * * * 26 * * * 27 * * * 28 * * * 29 * * * 30 * * *
RDNS: 18-97-14-90.crawl.commoncrawl.org
DNS RECORDS:
; <<>> DiG 9.11.5-P4-5.1+deb10u11-Debian <<>> A 18-97-14-90.crawl.commoncrawl.org ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 47342 ;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1 ;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION: ; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 1232 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;18-97-14-90.crawl.commoncrawl.org. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION: 18-97-14-90.crawl.commoncrawl.org. 300 IN A 18.97.14.90 ;; Query time: 30 msec ;; SERVER: 1.1.1.1#53(1.1.1.1) ;; WHEN: Sun Oct 11 20:26:01 UTC 2026 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 78 ; <<>> DiG 9.11.5-P4-5.1+deb10u11-Debian <<>> NS 18-97-14-90.crawl.commoncrawl.org ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 20057 ;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1 ;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION: ; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 1232 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;18-97-14-90.crawl.commoncrawl.org. IN NS ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: commoncrawl.org. 1800 IN SOA jim.ns.cloudflare.com. dns.cloudflare.com. 2416481455 10000 2400 604800 1800 ;; Query time: 33 msec ;; SERVER: 1.1.1.1#53(1.1.1.1) ;; WHEN: Sun Oct 11 20:26:01 UTC 2026 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 123 ; <<>> DiG 9.11.5-P4-5.1+deb10u11-Debian <<>> CNAME 18-97-14-90.crawl.commoncrawl.org ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 16261 ;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1 ;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION: ; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 1232 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;18-97-14-90.crawl.commoncrawl.org. IN CNAME ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: commoncrawl.org. 1800 IN SOA jim.ns.cloudflare.com. dns.cloudflare.com. 2416481455 10000 2400 604800 1800 ;; Query time: 32 msec ;; SERVER: 1.1.1.1#53(1.1.1.1) ;; WHEN: Sun Oct 11 20:26:01 UTC 2026 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 123 ; <<>> DiG 9.11.5-P4-5.1+deb10u11-Debian <<>> MX 18-97-14-90.crawl.commoncrawl.org ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 34203 ;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1 ;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION: ; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 1232 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;18-97-14-90.crawl.commoncrawl.org. IN MX ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: commoncrawl.org. 1800 IN SOA jim.ns.cloudflare.com. dns.cloudflare.com. 2416481455 10000 2400 604800 1800 ;; Query time: 33 msec ;; SERVER: 1.1.1.1#53(1.1.1.1) ;; WHEN: Sun Oct 11 20:26:01 UTC 2026 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 123 ; <<>> DiG 9.11.5-P4-5.1+deb10u11-Debian <<>> PTR 18-97-14-90.crawl.commoncrawl.org ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 52090 ;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1 ;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION: ; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 1232 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;18-97-14-90.crawl.commoncrawl.org. IN PTR ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: commoncrawl.org. 1800 IN SOA jim.ns.cloudflare.com. dns.cloudflare.com. 2416481455 10000 2400 604800 1800 ;; Query time: 60 msec ;; SERVER: 1.1.1.1#53(1.1.1.1) ;; WHEN: Sun Oct 11 20:26:01 UTC 2026 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 123 ; <<>> DiG 9.11.5-P4-5.1+deb10u11-Debian <<>> SOA 18-97-14-90.crawl.commoncrawl.org ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 44286 ;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1 ;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION: ; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 1232 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;18-97-14-90.crawl.commoncrawl.org. IN SOA ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: commoncrawl.org. 1800 IN SOA jim.ns.cloudflare.com. dns.cloudflare.com. 2416481455 10000 2400 604800 1800 ;; Query time: 33 msec ;; SERVER: 1.1.1.1#53(1.1.1.1) ;; WHEN: Sun Oct 11 20:26:01 UTC 2026 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 123
IP : 18.97.14.90
Ping speed: Client to Server; Server to Client.
SECURITY & PRIVACY
We will test your system to assess the privacy level in terms of DNS, Ports, WebRtc, Plugins, Blacklists
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We will test your system to assess the privacy level in terms of DNS, Ports, WebRtc, Plugins, Blacklists
DNS servers used for queries by 18.97.14.90(18-97-14-90.crawl.commoncrawl.org)
Detailed IP reputation data for : 18.97.14.90(18-97-14-90.crawl.commoncrawl.org)
Extended Blacklist Results for: 18.97.14.90(18-97-14-90.crawl.commoncrawl.org)
Results of port scanning for common services on : 18.97.14.90(18-97-14-90.crawl.commoncrawl.org)
Detailed connection data for : 18.97.14.90(18-97-14-90.crawl.commoncrawl.org)
Array
(
[0] =>
)
WebRtc Ipv4 usage results for: 18.97.14.90(18-97-14-90.crawl.commoncrawl.org)
DEVICE
Device fingerprint and browser data regarding this session:
Device fingerprint and browser data regarding this session:
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IP GEOLOCATION TIME : Sun Oct 11 16:26:15 EDT 2026 America/New_York (us )
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http_accept_encoding:
zstd, br, gzip
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http_accept_language:
en-US,en;q=0.5
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http_accept:
text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
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http_useragent:
CCBot/2.0 (https://commoncrawl.org/faq/)
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The page provides InfoSec Help for 18.97.14.90.